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This review analyzes the relationships between carbon emissions, pollutants, and endocrine disorders, including diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, reproductive health, and metabolic disease, and outlines mitigation strategies. 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Azher Rizvi2, Narendra Kotwal3, Sanjay Kalra4,5  \n1Department of Endocrinology, Kota Heart and Shriji Hospital, Kota, Rajasthan, 2Department of Endocrinology, United Institute of Medical Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 3Department of Endocrinology, Paras Health, Panchkula, 4Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, Haryana, 5Department of Endocrinology, University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India  \nAbstract  \nThe escalating burden of carbon overload, largely driven by fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrial activities, is a major contributor to climate change, leading to significant environmental and health consequences. Beyond its ecological implications, emerging evidence highlights the profound impact of climate change on human health, particularly on endocrine function. Rising global temperatures, increased exposure to particulate matter, endocrine‑disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and shifts in dietary patterns pose significant challenges to hormonal homeostasis. This review critically examines the intricate relationship between carbon emissions, climate change, environmental pollutants, and endocrine disorders, including diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, reproductive health, and metabolic diseases. Additionally, we discuss potential mitigation strategies—including policy interventions, dietary modifications, and sustainable lifestyle practices—to safeguard endocrine health while addressing environmental sustainability. Recognizing and addressing the endocrine implications of climate change is essential for developing effective public health interventions aimed at mitigating long‑term health risks.  \nKeywords: Climate change, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), global warming  \nIntroductIon  \nThe past decade (2015–2024) has been recorded as the warmest in history, with 2024 marking the highest global temperature rise of 1.6°C above pre‑industrial levels—exceeding the critical 1.5°C threshold set by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to mitigate the adverse effects of global warming.[1,2] The urgency to combat climate change and environmental pollution has never been greater, with far‑reaching implications for both planetary and human health.  \nHuman activities, such as fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrial emissions, have significantly increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases—leading to prolonged alterations in global climate patterns. [3] Climate change, coupled with environmental pollution, has adversely affected health both directly through the impact of heat and indirectly by changing our ecosystems, such as food or water supplies, infection transmission, poverty and migration. The endocrine system isnot immune to such changes. Rising temperatures, particulate matter, endocrine‑disrupting chemicals and altered food consumption all negatively impact the endocrine system.  \n\n| Access this article online |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| Quick Response Code:\u003Cbr>| Website:\u003Cbr>[https://journals.lww.com/indjem/](https://journals.lww.com/indjem/) |\n|  | DOI:\u003Cbr>10.4103/ijem.ijem_88_25 |\n\nThis review explores the multifaceted interplay between climate change and endocrine health, emphasizing the role of carbon emissions, altered food consumption, endocrine‑disrupting pollutants, and extreme weather patterns in shaping hormonal homeostasis.  \nclImate change and endocrIne SyStemS Diabetes and heat stress  \nIndividuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) are disproportionately affected by heat‑related illnesses (HRIs) . Studies have consistently demonstrated an increased risk of hospitalization and emergency admissions for dehydration, heatstroke, and heat exhaustion among individuals with diabetes. [4‑6] For instance, Semenza et al.[6] rep","cbCaikfBxB82dKTo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikfBxB82dKTo","pdf",328307,"English","# Introduction\n# Climate change and endocrine systems\n## Diabetes and heat stress\n# Mitigation strategies for endocrine health","[{\"question\":\"What factors drive the connection between carbon emissions and climate change in this review?\",\"answer\":\"Fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrial emissions increase greenhouse gases, producing prolonged climate alterations and environmental pollution that affect human health and endocrine function.\"},{\"question\":\"How does climate change affect endocrine health according to the article?\",\"answer\":\"Rising temperatures, particulate matter, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and altered dietary patterns negatively influence hormonal homeostasis and endocrine system outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are people with diabetes particularly vulnerable to heat-related illness?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes increased hospitalization and emergency admissions due to mechanisms such as impaired thermoregulation from diabetic neuropathy, higher dehydration risk with poor glycaemic control, and altered glucose homeostasis through counter-regulatory responses.\"}]","Carbon, Climate, and the Endocrine Conundrum | PDF",1790664263,13]