[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-353545-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-353545-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","car-engineered-cell-therapies-current-understandings-and-future-perspectives","CAR-engineered cell therapies - current understandings and future perspectives","","Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–engineered cell therapies deliver programmable immunotherapy initially successful in cancer, then rapidly extending to autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, fibrosis, ageing-related conditions, and organ transplantation. This review traces the evolution of CAR modalities, including CAR-T, CAR-NK, CAR-macrophages, and CAR-NKT cells, alongside next-generation designs. It covers CAR structure, signalling pathways, and manufacturing, and summarizes up-to-date research through 2025 on efficacy, safety, and adverse events, highlighting issues such as tumour microenvironment barriers, antigen escape, and manufacturing complexity.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/car-engineered-cell-therapies-current-understandings-and-future-perspectives/353545/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/car-engineered-cell-therapies-current-understandings-and-future-perspectives/353545.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Finn","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What are CAR-engineered cell therapies and why are they important?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"CAR-engineered cell therapies are immune cells genetically reprogrammed to recognize specific antigens, originally transforming cancer treatment and later expanding into multiple clinical areas. They enable targeted, programmable immune modulation.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which CAR modalities does the review discuss?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The review covers CAR-T, CAR-NK, CAR-macrophages, and CAR-NKT cells, and also highlights emerging next-generation CAR designs beyond these core modalities.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What challenges limit CAR therapy performance, especially in solid tumours?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The tumour microenvironment (TME) promotes growth and treatment resistance and includes dense barriers and immunosuppressive signals that hinder CAR cell infiltration, persistence, and efficacy. Ongoing issues also include manufacturing complexity, high costs, and antigen escape.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},353545,1790820337,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},34359740700684,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487","Bayat and Nahand Molecular Biomedicine (2026) 7:7 Molecular Biomedicine  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-025-00401-4](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-025-00401-4)  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nCAR-engineered cell therapies: current understandings and future perspectives  \nMobina Bayat 1 and Javid Sadri Nahand2*  \nAbstract  \nChimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–engineered cell therapies represent a significant breakthrough in immunotherapy, initially in cancer and now expanding into diverse clinical fields. While originally developed for oncology, these platforms are increasingly being adapted for non-malignant conditions such as autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, fibrosis, ageing-related issues, and organ transplants. This review details the evolution and diversification of CAR modalities-including CAR-T, CAR-NK, CAR-macrophages, and CAR-NKT cells-as well as emerging next-generation designs. It describes the key aspects of CAR structure, signalling pathways, and manufacturing, emphasising their application in treating hematologic and solid tumours, while considering challenges such as the tumour microenvironment (TME) . The review also discusses expanding uses beyond cancer-such as CD19/BCMA-targeted CAR-T cells achieving long-term remission in lupus and rheumatoid arthritis without ongoing immunosuppression, CAR-NK approaches targeting HIV, CAR-Tregs enhancing transplant tolerance, and senolytic CARs reducing tissue fibrosis. Up-to-date research through 2025 is summarised to evaluate efficacy, safety, and adverse events, noting that CAR therapies show lower cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in autoimmune diseases. Innovations like off-theshelf allogeneic products and logic-gated CARS are highlighted, alongside ongoing challenges such as manufacturing complexity, high costs, and antigen escape. Trials like KYV-101 for multiple sclerosis demonstrate continued progress and the potential of these therapies to translate into clinical practice. Overall, CAR-engineered treatments enable precise, programmable immune modulation, paving the way for advanced therapies across an expanding array of diseases.  \nKeywords Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Therapy, Cancers, Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Immunotherapy  \nIntroduction  \nCancer remains a significant global issue; however, recent progress in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapies has revolutionised tumour immunology. These therapies enable the engineering of immune cells to overcome malignant immune evasion by precisely reprogramming them to recognise specific antigens without  \n*Correspondence: Javid Sadri Nahand  \n[Javidsadri65@gmail.com](Javidsadri65@gmail.com); [sadrij@tbzmed.ac.ir](sadrij@tbzmed.ac.ir)  \n1 Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran  \n2 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran  \nrelying on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation. As a result, CAR technologies have transformed cancer treatment and broadened the scope of immunotherapeutic options beyond traditional oncology [1–4]. Genetically modifying effector cells, such as T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages, enables CAR therapies to transform antitumour immunity from passive surveillance to actively engineered responses. This method allows for targeted tumour destruction across various disease areas. However, the tumour microenvironment (TME), with its complexity and adaptability, continuously promotes tumour growth and treatment resistance [5–7]. This transition—from relying on natural immune responses to deliberately engineering immune  \n© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Cre","cbCaiiBSFXF8v2Kf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiBSFXF8v2Kf","pdf",2203774,42,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n## CAR technologies and cancer immunology\n## Tumour microenvironment challenges\n## Expanding applications beyond oncology\n## Examples in autoimmune and infectious diseases","[{\"question\":\"What are CAR-engineered cell therapies and why are they important?\",\"answer\":\"CAR-engineered cell therapies are immune cells genetically reprogrammed to recognize specific antigens, originally transforming cancer treatment and later expanding into multiple clinical areas. They enable targeted, programmable immune modulation.\"},{\"question\":\"Which CAR modalities does the review discuss?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers CAR-T, CAR-NK, CAR-macrophages, and CAR-NKT cells, and also highlights emerging next-generation CAR designs beyond these core modalities.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges limit CAR therapy performance, especially in solid tumours?\",\"answer\":\"The tumour microenvironment (TME) promotes growth and treatment resistance and includes dense barriers and immunosuppressive signals that hinder CAR cell infiltration, persistence, and efficacy. Ongoing issues also include manufacturing complexity, high costs, and antigen escape.\"}]","CAR-engineered cell therapies - current understandings and future perspectives | PDF",1790105981,106]