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It highlights limits in current targeted therapies and personalized medicine, emphasizing the need to clarify metastatic formation. The study summarizes evidence from Web of Science and Medline searches for cancer stem cells, carcinogenesis and metastasis, covering findings from animal models and human cancers. 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Cancer stem cells are presented as a universal denominator in growing numbers of cancers, making them relevant to mechanisms behind metastasis.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the literature evidence gathered in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study reports a Web of Science and Medline database search using terms related to cancer stem cells, carcinogenesis, and stem cells combined with metastasis, without setting time limits.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What evidence supports the existence of cancer stem cells?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The results state that cancer stem cells are proven in both animal models and humans. 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Czarnogórski1, Aleksandra Czernicka1, Krzysztof Koper2, Piotr Petrasz3, Marta Pokrywczyńska4, Kajetan Juszczak1, Filip Kowalski1, Tomasz Drewa1, Jan Adamowicz1\u003Cbr>1Department and Chair of Urology and Andrology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland 2Department of Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland\u003Cbr>3Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Multidisciplinary Regional Hospital in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland\u003Cbr>4Department of Regenerative Medicine, Chair of Urology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Citation: Czarnogórski MC, Czernicka A, Koper K, et al. Cancer stem cells and their role in metastasis. Cent European J Urol. 2025; 78: 40-51. |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| Article history\u003Cbr>Submitted: Jul. 23, 2024\u003Cbr>Accepted: Oct. 30, 2024\u003Cbr>Published online: Nov. 28, 2024\u003Cbr>Corresponding author\u003Cbr>Michał C. Czarnogórski Department and Chair of Urology and Andrology, 9 Skłodowskiej-Curie St. 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland mcczarnogorski@gumed. [edu.pl](edu.pl) | Introduction Cancer, next to cardiovascular diseases, remains the primary concern of modern medicine in developed countries. Despite the unprecedented progress in targeted therapies and personalised medicine, including immunotherapy and gene therapy, we are still unable to efficiently treat many malignancies. One of the major obstacles to treating cancer is its ability to metastasise. Hence, a better understanding of cancer biology with emphasis on the metastasis formation may hold the key to further ameliorating cancer treatment. Nowadays, there is a growing body of evidence for the common denominator of neoplasia, which seems to be universal – cancer stem cells which are being found in a growing number of cancers.\u003Cbr>Material and methods We conducted a Web of Science and Medline database search using the terms“cancer stem cells”,“carcinogenesis”, and “stem cells” in conjunction with “metastasis”, without setting time limits.\u003Cbr>Results The existence of cancer stem cells was proven both in animal models and in humans. We know beyond doubt that cancer stem cells may be found in bladder cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer, among others. The cancer stem cells in the aforementioned cancers may initiate tumour formation ex vivo and thus theoretically lead to tumour recurrence. Their role in the formation of metastases, however, is still under investigation.\u003Cbr>Conclusions Although their exact role is yet to be identified, it is now obvious that cancer stem cells give rise to primary mass in solid tumours and differentiated cancer cells in leukaemias. However, the role of cancer stem cells in metastasis is still obscure. |\n| Key Words: cancer stem cells ‹› carcinogenesis ‹› bladder cancer ‹› metastasis |  |\n\nINtROdUCtION  \nIn the modern world the widespread of cancer remains a major health issue in industrialised and developing countries. In 2023, in the United States alone, over 600,000 cancer-related deaths are projected to occur [1] . Ongoing studies in the field of cancer biology are conducted to ameliorate our understanding of oncogenesis and develop novel therapeutic options for cancer patients. Over the last few decades, we achieved immense progress in the field of cancer biology thanks to discovering novel cellular biomarkers that allow precise characteri-  \nsation of specific cancer cell subpopulations, which further allows the development of advanced therapeutic options, specifically targeting those cells [2] . The aforementioned advances in the molecular biology and discoveries of cellular biomarkers or clusters of differentiation, on the cellular surface as well as intracellularly, have led to the observation that the tumou","cbCaieHA3QNMpv3Q","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieHA3QNMpv3Q","pdf",603426,12,"English","# Introduction\n## Cancer stem cells as a driver of oncogenesis\n# Material and methods\n## Literature search strategy\n# Results\n## Evidence from animal models and human cancers\n# Conclusions\n## Role in metastasis and remaining uncertainties","[{\"question\":\"Why is understanding cancer stem cells important for metastasis treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Cancer metastasis is described as a major obstacle to effectively treating many malignancies. Cancer stem cells are presented as a universal denominator in growing numbers of cancers, making them relevant to mechanisms behind metastasis.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the literature evidence gathered in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study reports a Web of Science and Medline database search using terms related to cancer stem cells, carcinogenesis, and stem cells combined with metastasis, without setting time limits.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence supports the existence of cancer stem cells?\",\"answer\":\"The results state that cancer stem cells are proven in both animal models and humans. They are noted across multiple cancers, and their ability to initiate tumor formation ex vivo is mentioned.\"}]","Cancer stem cells and their role in metastasis - Review Paper | PDF",1789995021]