[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-328456-105":59,"doc-detail-328456-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","cancer-metastasis-and-the-epigenome-review-article","Cancer, metastasis, and the epigenome - Review article","","Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and metastatic disease accounts for most cancer-related mortality. Although cancers share hallmarks that enhance survival and proliferation, metastatic clones from primary tumors remain poorly resolved because no mutational landscape reliably predicts metastasis. Many tumors also lack known mutation signatures, implying a stronger role for non-mutational genome re-organization. This review summarizes needs around cell state transitions, clonal selection, and links among epigenetic states, genome structure, and tumor suppressor/oncogene misregulation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cancer-metastasis-and-the-epigenome-review-article/328456/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cancer-metastasis-and-the-epigenome-review-article/328456.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Oliver","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is metastasis difficult to predict from mutations?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Metastatic clones from primary tumors are not well-characterized, and no mutational landscape has been identified that predicts metastasis. Many cancers also show no known mutation signature.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role do epigenetic and genome re-organization processes play?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review suggests a larger contribution from non-mutational genome re-organization in promoting cancer evolution and dissemination. It connects epigenetic states and genome structure to oncogenic potential.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the review focus on regarding metastatic cancer cells?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It highlights critical needs to understand cell state transitions and clonal selection advantages for metastatic cancer cells, and discusses misregulation of tumor suppressors and oncogenes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},328456,1790102691,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},8796095461610,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Kiri and Ryba Molecular Cancer (2024) 23:154 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-02069-w](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-02069-w)  \nMolecular Cancer  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nCancer, metastasis, and the epigenome  \nSaurav Kiri1* and Tyrone Ryba2*  \nAbstract  \nCancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide and disease burden is expected to increase globally throughout the next several decades, with the majority of cancer-related deaths occurring in metastatic disease. Cancers exhibit known hallmarks that endow them with increased survival and proliferative capacities, frequently as a result of de-stabilizing mutations. However, the genomic features that resolve metastatic clones from primary tumors are not yet well-characterized, as no mutational landscape has been identified as predictive of metastasis. Further, many cancers exhibit no known mutation signature. This suggests a larger role for non-mutational genome re-organization in promoting cancer evolution and dissemination. In this review, we highlight current critical needs for understanding cell state transitions and clonal selection advantages for metastatic cancer cells. We examine links between epigenetic states, genome structure, and misregulation of tumor suppressors and oncogenes, and discuss how recent technologies for understanding domain-scale regulation have been leveraged for a more complete picture of oncogenicand metastatic potential.  \nKeywords Metastasis, Epigenetic, Chromatin state, EMT, Topology, Transcription  \nIntroduction  \nDespite advances in detection and treatment, cancer remains a major public health crisis across the globe. In the United States (USA), cancer has been the perennial second leading cause of death since 1937 [1]. Throughout 2020 and 2021, USA cancer deaths eclipsed those attributed to COVID-19 in spite of the ongoing worldwide pandemic, with roughly 600,000 deaths attributable to cancer in 2020 as compared to around 350,000 from COVID-19 [2, 3]. It was estimated that in 2024, 2 million new cancer cases would be diagnosed in the United States alone, along with over 600,000 estimated deaths [4]. Current extrapolations of incidence and mortality in the USA predict upwards of 2 million new cases per  \n*Correspondence: Saurav Kiri [sa939682@ucf.edu](sa939682@ucf.edu)[ ](sa939682@ucf.edu)Tyrone Ryba [tryba@ncf.edu](tryba@ncf.edu)  \n1 College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando 32827, Florida, USA  \n2 Department of Natural Sciences, New College of Florida, 5800 Bay Shore Rd., Sarasota 34243, Florida, USA  \nyear diagnosed nationally by 2030 [5] and between 2.2 and about 3 million cases diagnosed per year by 2050 [6], with the rate of increase in incidence expected to outpace population growth during this time [5]. Males and females born in the USA today have roughly a 40% and 38% chance of being diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime, respectively [7].  \nSimilar trends in cancer incidence exist on the international stage. In 2020, over 19 million cancer cases and almost 10 million cancer deaths were reported globally [8], increased from 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths from cancer in 2012 [9]. By 2070, it is expected that over 34 million cancer cases per year will be diagnosed; lower-income countries are projected to be disproportionately affected with an estimated 400% increase in cancer incidence in these countries within the next 50 years [10]. Among the cancer types expected to see the greatest increase in global incidence are breast, lung, and colorectal cancer (CRC). Models predict that the number of yearly CRC cases will reach 3.2 million by 2040 (as compared to 1.9 million in 2020) [11], and breast cancer incidence will reach similar levels by 2050 (up from 2.26 million in 2020) [8, 12]. Lung cancer, the current most  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adapta","cbCailCeAdxCIm7O","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailCeAdxCIm7O","pdf",3381510,27,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Cancer epidemiology\n## Disease burden","[{\"question\":\"Why is metastasis difficult to predict from mutations?\",\"answer\":\"Metastatic clones from primary tumors are not well-characterized, and no mutational landscape has been identified that predicts metastasis. Many cancers also show no known mutation signature.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do epigenetic and genome re-organization processes play?\",\"answer\":\"The review suggests a larger contribution from non-mutational genome re-organization in promoting cancer evolution and dissemination. It connects epigenetic states and genome structure to oncogenic potential.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the review focus on regarding metastatic cancer cells?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights critical needs to understand cell state transitions and clonal selection advantages for metastatic cancer cells, and discusses misregulation of tumor suppressors and oncogenes.\"}]","Cancer, metastasis, and the epigenome - Review article | PDF",1789979867,68]