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This review surveys dietary and lifestyle modifications as well as nutritional supplements and repurposed drugs, summarizing the supporting evidence to inform future cancer treatment strategies.",{"@graph":14,"@context":65},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cancer-metabolism-as-a-therapeutic-target-and-review-of-interventions/377304/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cancer-metabolism-as-a-therapeutic-target-and-review-of-interventions/377304.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"McGucket","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Which types of interventions does the review cover for targeting cancer metabolism?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It covers dietary and lifestyle modifications, nutritional supplements, and repurposed drugs, along with the evidence supporting their use in prevention and improved treatment outcomes.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":67,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":69,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":71,"site_id":7},377304,1790270368,{"code":4,"msg":74,"data":75},"success",[76,80,84,88,93,98,102,107,112,115,119],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":77,"show_sort_weight":78,"slug":79},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":81,"show_sort_weight":82,"slug":83},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":89,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":90,"show_sort_weight":91,"slug":92},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":94,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":99,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":103,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":108,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":114},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":118},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":120,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":122},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":74,"data":124},{"doc_id":71,"user_id":125,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":126,"doc_module":4,"category_id":99,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":127,"file_id":128,"file_url":129,"file_type":130,"file_size":131,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":132,"language":133,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":134,"faqs":135,"seo_title":136,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":137,"read_time":138},1236954412713,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","nutrients   \nReview  \nCancer Metabolism as a Therapeutic Target and Review of Interventions  \nMatthew T. J. Halma 1,2, Jack A. Tuszynski 3,4,5 and Paul E. Marik 6, *  \nCitation: Halma, M.T.J.; Tuszynski, J.A.; Marik, P.E. Cancer Metabolism as a Therapeutic Target and Review of Interventions. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4245. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)nu15194245  \nAcademic Editor: Ahmad R. Heydari  \nReceived: 28 August 2023  \nRevised: 20 September 2023  \nAccepted: 26 September 2023  \nPublished: 1 October 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands  \n2 EbMC Squared CIC, Bath BA2 4BL, UK  \n3 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada  \n4 Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland  \n5 DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-1029 Turin, Italy  \n6 Frontline COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance, Washington, DC 20036, USA  \n* Correspondence: pmarik@fl[ccc.net](ccc.net)  \nAbstract: Cancer is amenable to low-cost treatments, given that it has a significant metabolic component, which can be affected through diet and lifestyle change at minimal cost. The Warburg hypothesis states that cancer cells have an altered cell metabolism towards anaerobic glycolysis. Given this metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, it is possible to target cancers metabolically by depriving them of glucose. In addition to dietary and lifestyle modifications which work on tumors metabolically, there are a panoply of nutritional supplements and repurposed drugs associated with cancer prevention and better treatment outcomes. These interventions and their evidentiary basis are covered in the latter half of this review to guide future cancer treatment.  \nKeywords: cancer metabolism; Warburg effect; glycolysis; ketogenic diet; repurposed drugs; lifestyle interventions  \n1. Introduction  \nWarburg's hypothesis for cancer progression is that cancer cells undergo a two-step transformation. First, there is irreversible failure of respiration, and secondly, the cell survives by fermentation energy. Fermentation energy is far less efficient than aerobic glycolysis, producing only 2 ATP for a glucose molecule as opposed to 38 via aerobic glycolysis [1] .  \nCancerous cells shunt a majority of glucose through the anaerobic pathway [2], and cancerous cells do have enhanced glycolysis [3] . This effect serves as the basis of radiolabeled glucose positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tumors [4] . Cancerous tumors using anaerobic glycolysis produce waste products and acidify the intracellular space [5,6], which necessitates the evolution of surrounding cells towards acid-resistant phenotypes [7] . Additionally, the hypoxia-resistant phenotype of cancer cells is especially useful for pre-malignant lesions growing further away from blood vessels [7] .  \nTo test the validity of the metabolic theory of cancer, nuclear transplantation experiments were performed [8] . These experiments demonstrated that while inserting the nucleus of a cancerous cell into a healthy cell was insufficient to induce the cancer phenotype, inserting the cytoplasm of a cancerous cell, which contains the mitochondria, wassufficient to transform a previously healthy cell into a cancerous cell [8] .  \nUntil recently, the Warburg hypothesis had not received much attention for its treatment implications for cancer. Case reports on the ketogenic diet for treatment in cancer were published in the 1990s [9], and a","cbCaims2iIesWR19","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaims2iIesWR19","pdf",2993075,42,"English","# Introduction\n## Warburg hypothesis and cancer progression\n## Metabolic mechanisms and imaging\n## Evidence from metabolic theory experiments\n## Ketogenic diet and early clinical interest","[{\"question\":\"Which types of interventions does the review cover for targeting cancer metabolism?\",\"answer\":\"It covers dietary and lifestyle modifications, nutritional supplements, and repurposed drugs, along with the evidence supporting their use in prevention and improved treatment outcomes.\"}]","Cancer Metabolism as a Therapeutic Target and Review of Interventions | PDF",1790224173,106]