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The microbiome has become a central determinant of human health and disease, showing complex interactions with cancer. Local tissue microbiomes can suppress tumor development by engaging cancer cells or the host immune system, while other microorganisms may promote cancer risk. This review synthesizes recent evidence across major cancer types and outlines directions for future clinical approaches.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cancer-and-the-microbiome-of-the-human-body/328694/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cancer-and-the-microbiome-of-the-human-body/328694.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Asher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the microbiome relate to cancer development?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review describes bidirectional relationships in which the microbiome (oncobiosis) can contribute to cancer development and modulate treatment efficacy through interactions with cancer cells, changes in the tumor microenvironment, and immune modulation.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What mechanisms can microbiomes use to restrict cancer?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Some tissue-associated microbiomes restrict cancer development by interacting with cancer cells or by engaging the host immune system, supporting antitumor immunity.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which cancer types are covered in the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review summarizes evidence for several common cancer types, including lung, head and neck, breast, gastric, colorectal, prostate, and cervix cancers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},328694,1790119533,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687197207639,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","nutrients   \nReview  \nCancer and the Microbiome of the Human Body  \nLourdes Herrera-Quintana 1,2,†, Héctor Vázquez-Lorente 1,2,†, Maria Lopez-Garzon 3, Adrián Cortés-Martín 4,5 and Julio Plaza-Diaz 6,7,8, *  \nCitation: Herrera-Quintana, L.; Vázquez-Lorente, H.; Lopez-Garzon, M.; Cortés-Martín, A.; Plaza-Diaz, J. Cancer and the Microbiome of the Human Body. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2790 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162790](https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162790)  \nAcademic Editor: Stefano Realdon  \nReceived: 3 August 2024  \nRevised: 16 August 2024  \nAccepted: 20 August 2024  \nPublished: 21 August 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; lourdesherrera@ugr.es (L.H.-Q.); hectorvazquez@ugr.es (H.V.-L.)  \n2 Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain  \n3 Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Physical Therapy, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, 18171 Granada, Spain; [maloga@ugr.es](maloga@ugr.es)  \n4 PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; acortesmartin@ugr.es  \n5 APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland  \n6 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain  \n7 Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain  \n8 Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada  \n* Correspondence: jrplaza@ugr.es; Tel.: +34-958241000 (ext. 41599)† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract: Cancer remains a public health concern worldwide, with its incidence increasing worldwide and expected to continue growing during the next decades. The microbiome has emerged as a central factor in human health and disease, demonstrating an intricate relationship between the microbiome and cancer. Although some microbiomes present within local tissues have been shown to restrict cancer development, mainly by interacting with cancer cells or the host immune system, some microorganisms are harmful to human health and risk factors for cancer development. This review summarizes the recent evidence concerning the microbiome and some of the most common cancer types (i.e., lung, head and neck, breast, gastric, colorectal, prostate, and cervix cancers), providing a general overview of future clinical approaches and perspectives.  \nKeywords: microbiome; cancer; health; diagnostic methods; novel treatments  \n1. Introduction  \nThe human microbiome includes all microbes on and inside the human body, and it is closely associated with different dimensions of individual health [1] . The number of bacteria in the body has been estimated to be of the same order as the number of living cells, with a total mass around 0.2 kg [2] . During the past two decades, the interest and understanding of the human microbiome’s role in host physiology has grown considerably. This interest has evolved from descriptive research into mechanistic exploration of causality and molecular insights [3] .  \nIn this regard, the gut microbiome regulates host metabolism and physiology, participating in digestion and nutrient availability, and modulating immune responses. Likewise, microbiome composition is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, including diet, which is considered a key regulator of t","cbCaicyvzbpxVcwR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicyvzbpxVcwR","pdf",1573954,22,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Cancer Background: Prevalence and Physio-Pathological Overview","[{\"question\":\"How does the microbiome relate to cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes bidirectional relationships in which the microbiome (oncobiosis) can contribute to cancer development and modulate treatment efficacy through interactions with cancer cells, changes in the tumor microenvironment, and immune modulation.\"},{\"question\":\"What mechanisms can microbiomes use to restrict cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Some tissue-associated microbiomes restrict cancer development by interacting with cancer cells or by engaging the host immune system, supporting antitumor immunity.\"},{\"question\":\"Which cancer types are covered in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review summarizes evidence for several common cancer types, including lung, head and neck, breast, gastric, colorectal, prostate, and cervix cancers.\"}]","Cancer and the Microbiome of the Human Body | PDF",1789980594,55]