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Where Are We Now?","","Prostate cancer incidence increases annually, while mortality is largely driven by metastatic prostate cancer (mPC). An intermediate state exists in which patients are non-mPC yet have initiated metastatic progression via epithelial–mesenchymal transition, creating a need for tools that identify future progression or micrometastatic disease after primary therapy. Biomarkers for predicting mPC remain under development, with limited evidence. This review focuses on tissue-based genomic biomarkers (TBGB) and frames four core questions regarding importance, available tests, implications for guidelines and practice, and current treatment approaches, highlighting the need for more cost-effective TBGB assays.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/can-we-predict-prostate-cancer-metastasis-based-on-biomarkers-where-are-we-now/382702/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/can-we-predict-prostate-cancer-metastasis-based-on-biomarkers-where-are-we-now/382702.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fahsai","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is predicting prostate cancer metastasis clinically important?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Once metastasis is diagnosed, quality of life and survival decline dramatically, so earlier identification can affect future progression risk.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What types of biomarkers does the review focus on?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review centers on tissue-based genomic biomarkers (TBGB) for predicting metastatic disease.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What questions does the review aim to address about predictive testing?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It frames questions about available tests, the impact on clinical guidelines and practice, and the relationship to current prostate cancer treatments.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},382702,1790678136,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36},549768702563,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083","Review  \nCan We Predict Prostate Cancer Metastasis Based on Biomarkers?  \nWhere Are We Now?  \nIgnacio F. San Francisco 1, *,†, Pablo A. Rojas 2, Juan C. Bravo 3, Jorge D½az 4, Luis Ebel 5, Sebasti¡n Urrutia 6, Benjam½n Prieto 1 and Javier Cerda-Infante 1, *,†  \nCitation: San Francisco, I.F.; Rojas, P.A.; Bravo, J.C.; Díaz, J.; Ebel, L.; Urrutia, S.; Prieto, B.; Cerda-Infante, J. Can We Predict Prostate Cancer Metastasis Based on Biomarkers? Where Are We Now? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 12508. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms241512508](10.3390/ijms241512508)  \nAcademic Editor: Elenko Popov  \nReceived: 13 July 2023  \nRevised: 26 July 2023  \nAccepted: 27 July 2023  \nPublished: 7 August 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Environ Innovation Laboratory, Avenida Providencia 1208 Oficina 207, Providencia, Santiago 7500000, Chile; [benjamin@environ.bio](benjamin@environ.bio)  \n2 Servicio de Urolog½a, Complejo Asistencial Dr. Sotero del R½o, Santiago 8150215, Chile;  \nprojasr@clinicalascondes.cl  \n3 Servicio de Urolog½a, Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; [bravoi.jc@gmail.com](bravoi.jc@gmail.com)  \n4 Servicio de Urolog½a, Instituto Oncolâgico Fundaciân Arturo Lâpez P²rez, Santiago 7500921, Chile;  \njorge.diaz@falp.org  \n5 Servicio de Urolog½a, Hospital Base de Valdivia, Universidad Austral, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; [luisebel@uach.cl](luisebel@uach.cl)  \n6 Servicio de Urolog½a, Hospital Dr. Hern¡n Henr½quez Aravena, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; [sebastian.iuv@gmail.com](sebastian.iuv@gmail.com)  \n* Correspondence: [ignacio@environ.bio](ignacio@environ.bio) (I.F.S.F.); [javier@environ.bio](javier@environ.bio) (J.C.-I.); Tel.: +56-9-3302-6752 (J.C.-I.)† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract: The incidence of prostate cancer (PC) has risen annually. PC mortality is explained by the metastatic disease (mPC) . There is an intermediate scenario in which patients have non-mPC but have initiated a metastatic cascade through epithelial–mesenchymal transition. There is indeed a need for more and better tools to predict which patients will progress in the future to non-localized clinical disease or already have micrometastatic disease and, therefore, will clinically progress after primary treatment. Biomarkers for the prediction of mPC are still under development; there are few studies and not much evidence of their usefulness. This review is focused on tissue-based genomic biomarkers (TBGB) for the prediction of metastatic disease. We develop four main research questions that we attempt to answer according to the current evidence. Why is it important to predict metastatic disease? Which tests are available to predict metastatic disease? What impact should there be on clinical guidelines and clinical practice in predicting metastatic disease? What are the current prostate cancer treatments? The importance of predicting metastasis is fundamental given that, once metastasis is diagnosed, quality of life (QoL) and survival drop dramatically. There is still a need and space for more cost-effective TBGB tests that predict mPC disease.  \nKeywords: prostate cancer; metastasis; tissue-based genomic biomarkers  \n1. Introduction  \nWorldwide, in 2020, an estimated 1,414,259 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer (PC) and 375,304 died from the disease at a crude rate of 9.5% . Approximately 15% of cases were metastatic at diagnosis, with a 5-year survival rate of 31%[1] . Once a diagnosis is made of non-metastatic, clinically significant PC according to risk criteria, a local curative treatment should be offered in","cbCaia0FgFTZpsCX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaia0FgFTZpsCX","pdf",335795,16,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Metastatic risk and clinical scenarios\n## Limitations of current prediction tools","[{\"question\":\"Why is predicting prostate cancer metastasis clinically important?\",\"answer\":\"Once metastasis is diagnosed, quality of life and survival decline dramatically, so earlier identification can affect future progression risk.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of biomarkers does the review focus on?\",\"answer\":\"The review centers on tissue-based genomic biomarkers (TBGB) for predicting metastatic disease.\"},{\"question\":\"What questions does the review aim to address about predictive testing?\",\"answer\":\"It frames questions about available tests, the impact on clinical guidelines and practice, and the relationship to current prostate cancer treatments.\"}]","Can We Predict Prostate Cancer Metastasis Based on Biomarkers? Where Are We Now? | PDF",1790251994]