[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-109254-en":3,"doc-seo-109254-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},109254,16904993612988,"Olivia Brown","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","CAMBODIA - Addressing Public Finance and Human Resource Bottlenecks to Education Outcomes","Cambodia has expanded access to education, with rising net enrollment rates across primary and secondary levels and improving gender parity. Yet learning outcomes remain far below expectations: national assessments show Grade 6 achievement under 52% in Khmer and under 50% in math, while PISA-D indicates only 12% functionally numerate and 8% functionally literate learners. A World Bank policy note synthesizes evidence on governance bottlenecks in public financial management, human resource management, and data management to explain persistent gaps and guide reforms.","Public Disclosure Authorized  \nPOLICY NOTE  \nCAMBODIA  \nADDRESSING PUBLIC FINANCE AND HUMAN RESOURCE BOTTLENECKS  \nTO EDUCATION OUTCOMES  \nPub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disc losure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \n1  Context and Purpose  \nCambodia has made significant strides in expanding access to education. Net enrollment rates for primary education rose from 84 to 97 percent between 2001 and 2024, while lower-secondary enrollment climbed from 17 to 75 percent over the same period. Upper-secondary enrollment, though still lower, increased from 8 to 44 percent. Gender parity has also improved, with a Gender Parity Index of 1.15 to 1.25 in secondary education, meaning that more girls are now enrolled in secondary education than boys.  \nHowever, learning outcomes have not kept pace with these access gains. National Learning Assessments show that the average Grade 6 student answers less than 52 percent of Khmer language questions and under 50 percent of math questions correctly. International benchmarks reinforce this concern: the 2022 PISA-D found that only 12 percent of Cambodia’s 15-year-olds were functionally numerate and just 8 percent were functionally literate. Compared with a few decades ago, more children are in school and completing more years of schooling, but the vast majority are not acquiring even the most basic skills critical for progression toward higher education and high-skilled employment.  \nEncouragingly, the 2024 Southeast Asia Primary Learning Metrics (SEA-PLM) showed notable progress, with Cambodia recording the region’s largest improvement. The proportion of students with low proficiency in reading fell from 24 percent in 2019 to 17 percent in 2024, and the share with low math proficiency dropped from 16 to 8 percent. Nevertheless, learning outcomes still lag behind regional peers such as Vietnam and Malaysia, underscoring the need for further reform.  \nThere are also significant variations across geographic areas, income groups, and gender. Students from urban areas and higher socioeconomic backgrounds significantly outperform their rural peers. On the SEAPLM, students from the highest socioeconomic quintile scored 301 points on average compared to 279 for the lowest quintile. Grade 5 girls outperformed boys in reading, writing, and mathematics.  \nThis policy note synthesizes the key findings of a comprehensive World Bank study that examined the governance bottlenecks in public financial management (PFM), human resource management (HRM), and data management that underpin these persistent learning challenges. Drawing on primary fieldwork across 18 schools in five provinces, extensive analysis of administrative data, and international benchmarking, the study identified six interrelated factors constraining education quality in Cambodia. The study utilized the World Bank’s FinEd: Public Financial Management in Education Tool to map bottom-up and top-down bottlenecks across all six factors.  \n 2   \nEducation Spending: Levels, Composition, and Household Burden  \nCambodia’s public education spending has grown steadily, rising from 1.6 percent to 2.2 percent of GDP between 2011 and 2022 (following GDP rebasing) . Prior to GDP rebasing, these figures appeared more pronounced, doubling from 1.5 to 3.1 percent over the same period. This increase is part of the government’s broader effort to bolster social sector spending and strengthen human capital development in line with national priorities, including the aspiration to become a high-income country by 2050.  \nDespite this growth, Cambodia’s education expenditure remains well below the average for lower-middleincome countries (4 .5 percent of GDP) and upper-middle-income countries (4 .8 percent), and falls short of the 4 to 6 percent of GDP benchmark recommended for achieving SDG 4 (Figure 1) . Cambodia surpasses only Lao PDR and Myanmar among ASEAN peers and allocates less than half the average of both its lowermiddle-income and its aspiration","cbCaihAAHJrelRp4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihAAHJrelRp4","pdf",411506,3,1,12,"English","en",105,"# Context and Purpose\n## Education Spending: Levels, Composition, and Household Burden","[{\"question\":\"What progress has Cambodia made in education access and gender parity?\",\"answer\":\"Net enrollment rates for primary and lower-secondary education have risen substantially from 2001 to 2024, and gender parity has improved, with the Gender Parity Index increasing in secondary education.\"},{\"question\":\"How do learning outcomes in Cambodia compare with targets and international benchmarks?\",\"answer\":\"National learning assessments show Grade 6 students answer fewer than 52% of Khmer questions and under 50% of math questions correctly, and PISA-D finds only 12% functionally numerate and 8% functionally literate among 15-year-olds.\"},{\"question\":\"Which systems and bottlenecks does the policy note focus on to explain education challenges?\",\"answer\":\"The note synthesizes findings on governance bottlenecks in public financial management, human resource management, and data management that constrain education quality and learning outcomes.\"}]",1784478184,30,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"cambodia-addressing-public-finance-and-human-resource-bottlenecks-to-education-outcomes","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cambodia-addressing-public-finance-and-human-resource-bottlenecks-to-education-outcomes/109254/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-30","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What progress has Cambodia made in education access and gender parity?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Net enrollment rates for primary and lower-secondary education have risen substantially from 2001 to 2024, and gender parity has improved, with the Gender Parity Index increasing in secondary education.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How do learning outcomes in Cambodia compare with targets and international benchmarks?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"National learning assessments show Grade 6 students answer fewer than 52% of Khmer questions and under 50% of math questions correctly, and PISA-D finds only 12% functionally numerate and 8% functionally literate among 15-year-olds.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Which systems and bottlenecks does the policy note focus on to explain education challenges?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The note synthesizes findings on governance bottlenecks in public financial management, human resource management, and data management that constrain education quality and learning outcomes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,122,127,130,134],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":29,"slug":121},"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]