[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-156179-105":59,"doc-detail-156179-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","calculating-dissolved-marine-oxygen-values-based-on-an-enhanced-benthic-foraminifera-oxygen-index-paper","Calculating dissolved marine oxygen values based on an enhanced Benthic Foraminifera Oxygen Index - paper","","Marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) intensify climate-related greenhouse gas release and shrink habitats, making dissolved oxygen (DO) a key variable for understanding ecosystem degradation. The commonly used Benthic Foraminifera Oxygen Index (BFOI) shows major limitations for reconstructing DO. This work enhances BFOI into EBFOI using all available benthic foraminifera data and calculates whole-habitat oxygenation. A transfer function converts EBFOI values directly to DO, increasing efficiency up to 38% and enabling application to fossil records.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/calculating-dissolved-marine-oxygen-values-based-on-an-enhanced-benthic-foraminifera-oxygen-index-paper/156179/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/calculating-dissolved-marine-oxygen-values-based-on-an-enhanced-benthic-foraminifera-oxygen-index-paper/156179.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Clementine","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-08-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are dissolved oxygen (DO) values important for marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs)?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"OMZs trap greenhouse gases and reduce livable habitats. DO conditions also control ecological change and link to climate and ocean circulation.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What are the main shortcomings of the original Benthic Foraminifera Oxygen Index (BFOI)?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The text states that BFOI shows major shortcomings and lacks effectiveness for reconstructing DO values.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does the enhanced approach improve efficiency in calculating DO values?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The work introduces EBFOI formulas and a transfer function that converts EBFOI values directly into DO values, increasing calculation efficiency by up to 38%.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},156179,1787954710,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1374391974564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253aa45c000a9e?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779874745381141002","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nCalculating dissolved marine oxygen values based on an enhanced Benthic Foraminifera Oxygen Index  \nM. Kranner1,2*, M. Harzhauser1, C. Beer3, G. Auer2 & W. E. Piller2  \nMarine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) trap greenhouse gases, reduce livable habitats, a critical factor for these changes is the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO). The frequently used tool to reconstruct DO values, the Benthic Foraminifera Oxygen Index (BFOI), showed major shortcomings and lacks effectiveness. Therefore, we enhanced the BFOI and introduce enhanced BFOI (EBFOI) formulas by using all available data benthic foraminifers provide, calculating the whole livable habitat of benthic foraminifers, including bottom water oxygenation (BWO) and pore water oxygenation (PWO) .  \nFurther, we introduce for the first time a transfer function to convert EBFOI vales directly into DO values, increasing efficiency by up to 38%. All formulas are calibrated on modern samples and applied to fossil datasets. Our new approach provides a major improvement in defining and reconstructing marine oxygen levels and eutrophication, by, providing a new toolset for understanding past changes and tracking actual and predicted future expanding OMZs.  \nThe ocean covers about 97% of the Earth’s physical habitat space1. Therefore, changes in ocean chemistry and biodiversity and their faster response to physical and atmospheric changes also affect the terrestrial realm and should be observed closely2. Hence, dissolved oxygen (DO) values gained attention over the last decades, not only for understanding the ecology but also as an important factor for the interdependence with ocean circulation, climate, and evolution of marine life. Especially linking human triggered changes (like pollution) in ocean chemistry led to an increase in scientific and public interest with the main focus on studying low oxic water columns, leading to a general reduction of livable habitat greatly affecting marine biota2–7. Areas with low DO values lead to the development of so-called Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs), resulting in a severe reduction of biodiversity of macro-and micro-organisms3,7–11. Changes leading to a depletion of oxygen in the world oceans represent a major interference of chemical processes, marking OMZs as one of the major drivers in the oceanic metabolic cycle1, 10–14. OMZs are responsible for a loss of around 20–40% of oceanic nitrogen and lead to the production of nitrous oxide, showing the severe impact on the nitrogen cycle1, 14–16, and the effect on the carbon cycle gives an even bigger impact of OMZs by releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and serving as methane reservoir12, 13, 17. With expanding OMZs, methane accumulations move closer to zones of atmospheric exchange, drastically speeding up global warming by releasing this potent greenhouse gas18–23. This process emphasizes the importance of dissolved oxygen as one of the most important environmental variables, and reconstructing changes of oxygen conditions for recent and geological times garnered much interest (Refs.24–44) . Although hypoxic and anoxic environments have existed through geological time, the recent increase of hypoxia and anoxia throughout all world oceans, especially in coastal areas, is alarming1,5, 11,46,47. Usually, hypoxia and anoxia, accompanied by severe reduction of benthic life, is reported only seasonally, followed by a re-establishment of normal oxic conditions, but this re-establishment is now diminishing48–50. Instrumental records since 1960 show that DO values have been decreasing drastically throughout the last decades and are presumed to drop even further in the coming decades1,5. From the 1960s, 45 different areas representing low oxic conditions were reported. That number increased considerably up to 700 different locations in 2011. Low oxic conditions now even persist in areas which used to be considered as oxygen stre","cbCaipmg9tdD5iSI","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipmg9tdD5iSI","pdf",2740523,13,"English","# Background and significance\n## Marine oxygen minimum zones and climate links\n## Drivers and consequences across nitrogen and carbon cycles\n# Method development\n## Limitations of the original BFOI\n## Enhanced BFOI (EBFOI) formulas\n## Transfer function from EBFOI to DO\n# Calibration and applications\n## Calibration on modern samples\n## Application to fossil datasets and habitat oxygenation","[{\"question\":\"Why are dissolved oxygen (DO) values important for marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs)?\",\"answer\":\"OMZs trap greenhouse gases and reduce livable habitats. DO conditions also control ecological change and link to climate and ocean circulation.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main shortcomings of the original Benthic Foraminifera Oxygen Index (BFOI)?\",\"answer\":\"The text states that BFOI shows major shortcomings and lacks effectiveness for reconstructing DO values.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the enhanced approach improve efficiency in calculating DO values?\",\"answer\":\"The work introduces EBFOI formulas and a transfer function that converts EBFOI values directly into DO values, increasing calculation efficiency by up to 38%.\"}]","Calculating dissolved marine oxygen values based on an enhanced Benthic Foraminifera Oxygen Index - paper | PDF",33]