[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-86617-en":3,"doc-seo-86617-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},86617,16904993612988,"Olivia Brown","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","Business Strategy and International Environmental Governance: Toward a Neo-Gramscian Synthesis","Business plays a central role in negotiating, structuring, and implementing international environmental governance, yet theory and scholarship have not sufficiently explained how corporate political strategies operate within environmental regimes. This work proposes a political-economy approach that links International Relations with management and organization theories, treating fragmented global governance as the outcome of bargaining, compromise, and alliance formation. It emphasizes bottom-up regime development constrained by macro structures of production and power relations, offering a neo-Gramscian lens beyond conventional regime theory.","Business Strategy and International Environmental Governance: Toward a Neo-Gramscian Synthesis  \nDavid L. Levy and Peter J. Newell  \nThe centrality of business in negotiating, structuring, and implementing regimes of international environmental governance is all too obvious to negotiation participants. Dupont’s in􀂏uence over the US administration’s position onozone-depleting gasses and the fossil fuel industry’s leverage over negotiations to limit greenhouse gas emissions have been well documented.1 The trend toward privatization of governance, in the areas of environmental management systems, chemicals in foodstuffs, and related trade disputes, have also received some critical attention.2 Nevertheless, theoretical tools for understanding the relationship of business to international environmental governance are underdeveloped. Despite considerable popular concern with the growing power of multinational corporations (MNCs) and the lack of democratic accountability in international governance, there has been little scholarly attention to the mechanisms and effectiveness of corporate political strategies directed toward international environmental regimes, nor to the underlying processes by which corporate perceptions of their interests develop.  \nA focus on the role of the private sector suggests the need for a political economy approach. The interdisciplinary framework developed here bridges macro and micro-levels of analysis by bringing together perspectives from International Relations (IR) with theories of management and organization. In broad terms, we view the uneven and fragmented nature of international governance as the outcome of a process of bargaining, compromise, and alliance formation at the level of speci􀂎c regimes. These negotiations, which are constitutive of the broader structures of global governance, engage a range of actors including states and transnational organizations, businesses and industry associations, and social forces such as environmental and labor groups. Organizations such as the UN and the World Trade Organization serve in multiple capacities; as fora for bargaining, as targets of policy, and as semi-autonomous agents in their own right.  \n1. Levy 1997; Newell 2000; and Parson 1993  \n2. Clapp 1998; and Cutler et al. 1999.  \nGlobal Environmental Politics 2:4, November 2002 ©2002 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology  \nDavid L. Levy and Peter J. Newell · 85  \nSpeci􀂎c regimes are constitutive of global governance structures as well asa product of these wider con􀂎gurations. The development of each environmental regime is shaped by micro-processes of bottom-up bargaining and constrained by existing macro-structures of production relations and ideological formations. These structures, which themselves are the outcome of historical con􀂏icts and compromises, ensure that the bargaining process is not a pluralistic contest among equals, but rather is embedded within broader relations of power. Nevertheless, the complexity and dynamic nature of the bargaining process, within which alliances, interests, and capacities of actors can shift and mutate, lends a degree of indeterminacy to the compromises reached over the form and mechanisms of individual regimes. Sensitivity to a strategic dimension of power suggests that intelligent agency can sometimes outmaneuver resourcerich adversaries.  \nBeyond Regime Theory  \nThe basic concept of regimes in International Relations retains considerable value for analyzing international governance. Keohane de􀂎nes regimes as “persistent and connected sets of rules and practices that prescribe behavioral roles, constrain activity, and shape expectations,”3 while Krasner similarly refers to clusters of “norms, rules, principles and decision-making procedures.”4 Notable in these de􀂎nitions is the recognition of regimes as loci of governance, distinct from states or governments, whose cognitive and normative dimensions can structure social behavior.5 Rules, norms, and p","cbCairS0Q2QN7qyJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairS0Q2QN7qyJ","pdf",178761,6,1,19,"English","en",105,"# Business and Governance Framework\n## Private Sector and Political Economy Approach\n## Regime Theory Limitations\n# Beyond Regime Theory\n## Regimes as Rules, Norms, and Governance Loci\n## Critiques and a Gramscian Alternative","[{\"question\":\"Why does the paper emphasize the centrality of business in international environmental governance?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that business actors negotiate, structure, and implement environmental governance regimes, exemplified by documented corporate influence and leverage over positions and negotiations.\"},{\"question\":\"What approach does the paper propose to analyze business involvement in environmental regimes?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes a political economy approach that bridges macro and micro analysis by combining International Relations with management and organization theories.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper position itself relative to conventional regime theory?\",\"answer\":\"It values the regime concept for analyzing governance but criticizes regime theory’s functionalist and state-centric assumptions, especially its neglect of non-state actors like business and NGOs and its limited attention to economic and discursive 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does the paper emphasize the centrality of business in international environmental governance?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"It argues that business actors negotiate, structure, and implement environmental governance regimes, exemplified by documented corporate influence and leverage over positions and negotiations.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What approach does the paper propose to analyze business involvement in environmental regimes?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"It proposes a political economy approach that bridges macro and micro analysis by combining International Relations with management and organization theories.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"How does the paper position itself relative to conventional regime theory?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"It values the regime concept for analyzing governance but criticizes regime theory’s functionalist and state-centric assumptions, especially its neglect of non-state actors like business and NGOs 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