[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-618952-105":59,"doc-detail-618952-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","brown-dwarfs-less-massive-than-stars-but-more-massive-than-planets","BROWN DWARFS - Less massive than stars but more massive than planets","","Brown dwarfs are described as “failed stars” that form through gravitational contraction but do not reach the core conditions needed for sustained hydrogen fusion. Their light peaks in the near-infrared and fades over time, making them difficult to detect. New sky surveys suggest they may be nearly as common as stars, prompting questions about their number, mass range, and whether they form through the same processes. Search strategies include targeting known stars, young clusters, and companions with detectable orbital effects.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/brown-dwarfs-less-massive-than-stars-but-more-massive-than-planets/618952/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/brown-dwarfs-less-massive-than-stars-but-more-massive-than-planets/618952.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"WPS_1786070896","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-20",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"Why are brown dwarfs hard to find?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"They are faint from the start and become dimmer as they shrink over time. Their strongest light is in the near-infrared, which requires targeted observing strategies.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What makes a brown dwarf different from a true star?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"A star maintains energy through thermonuclear hydrogen fusion after reaching core temperatures of at least three million kelvins. A brown dwarf cannot sustain that fusion, so it never reaches stable, long-term stellar luminosity.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"How do astronomers search for brown dwarfs?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"They often look near known stars for companion objects, survey young star clusters where brown dwarfs are brightest, and use the gravitational effects of brown dwarfs on the motions of nearby stars.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},618952,1792462054,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":138,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":139,"faqs":140,"seo_title":141,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":46},549768072016,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","THE DISCOVERY OF  \nPAT RAWLINGS ( opposite page ); T . NAKAJIMA California Institute of Technology AND S . D U R R A N C E Johns Hopkins University ( left ); S . .KUL KAR NI Caltech , D GOL I M OW SK I Johns Hopkins Un iversity A ND NASA ( right )  \nBROWN DWARFS  \nLess massive than stars but more massive than planets, brown dwarfs were long assumed to be rare. New sky surveys, however, show that the objects maybe as common as stars By Gibor Basri  \nA  \nbrown dwarf is a failed star. A star shines because of the thermonuclear reactions in its core, which release enormous amounts of energy by fusing hydrogen into helium. For the fusion reactions to occur, though, the temperature in the star’s core must reach at least three million kelvins. And be-  \ncause core temperature rises with gravitational pressure, the star must have a minimum mass: about 75 times the mass of the planet Jupiter, or about 7 percent of the mass of our sun. A brown dwarf just misses that mark—it is heavier than a gas-giant planet but not quite massive enough to be a star.  \nFor decades, brown dwarfs were the “missing link” of celestial bodies: thought to exist but never observed. In 1963 University of Virginia astronomer Shiv Kumar theorized that the same process of gravitational contraction that creates stars from vast clouds of gas and dust would also frequently produce smaller objects. These hypothesized bodies were called black stars or infrared stars before the name “brown dwarf”was suggested in 1975 by astrophysicist Jill C. Tarter, now director of research at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, Calif. The name is a bit misleading; a brown dwarf actually appears red, not brown. But the name “red dwarf” was already taken. (It is used to describe stars with less than half the sun’s mass.)  \nIn the mid-1980s astronomers began an intensive search for brown dwarfs, but their early efforts were unsuccessful. It was not until 1995 that they found the first indisputable evidence of their existence. That discovery opened the floodgates; since then, researchers have detected hundreds of the objects. Now  \nobservers and theorists are tackling a host of intriguing questions: How many brown dwarfs are there? What is their range of masses? Is there a continuum of objects all the way down to the mass of Jupiter? And did they all originate in the same way?  \nThe search for brown dwarfs was long and difficult because they are so faint. All astrophysical objects—including stars, planets and brown dwarfs—emit light during their formation because of the energy released by gravitational contraction. Ina star, the glow caused by contraction is eventually supplanted by the thermonuclear radiation from hydrogen fusion; once it begins, the star’s size and luminosity stay constant, in most cases for billions of years. A brown dwarf, however, cannot sustain hydrogen fusion, and its light steadily fades as it shrinks [see box on page 31]. The light from brown dwarfs is primarily in the near-infrared part of the spectrum. Because brown dwarfs are faint from the start and dim with time, some scientists speculated that they were an important constituent of“dark matter,” the mysterious invisible mass that greatly outweighs the luminous mass in the universe.  \nAstronomers assumed that a good place to look for very faint objects would be close to known stars. More than half the stars in our galaxy are in binary pairs—two stars orbiting their common center of gravity—and researchers suspected that some stars that seemed to be alone might actually have a brown dwarf as a companion. One advantage of such a search is that astronomers do not have to survey large sections of sky for brown dwarfs—they can focus their telescopes on small areas near known stars. The strategy looked good early on. A likely candidate ap-  \nBROWN DWARF GLIESE 229B gives off a red glow in this artist’s conception (opposite page ). The object is believed to be slightly smaller than Jupiter but about 10 times hotter an","cbCaisDnxz1xTXOp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisDnxz1xTXOp","pdf",482134,"English","# Finding Brown Dwarfs: Search Methods\n## Observing faint objects near known stars\n## Searching young star clusters","[{\"question\":\"Why are brown dwarfs hard to find?\",\"answer\":\"They are faint from the start and become dimmer as they shrink over time. Their strongest light is in the near-infrared, which requires targeted observing strategies.\"},{\"question\":\"What makes a brown dwarf different from a true star?\",\"answer\":\"A star maintains energy through thermonuclear hydrogen fusion after reaching core temperatures of at least three million kelvins. A brown dwarf cannot sustain that fusion, so it never reaches stable, long-term stellar luminosity.\"},{\"question\":\"How do astronomers search for brown dwarfs?\",\"answer\":\"They often look near known stars for companion objects, survey young star clusters where brown dwarfs are brightest, and use the gravitational effects of brown dwarfs on the motions of nearby stars.\"}]","BROWN DWARFS - Less massive than stars but more massive than planets | PDF"]