[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-333033-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-333033-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","bright-ideas-for-chemical-biology","Bright Ideas for Chemical Biology","","Small-molecule fluorescent probes are central to chemical biology, built from a relatively small set of modular “core” dyes. By elaborating these cores with diverse chemical moieties, researchers can interrogate biochemical and biological systems with high precision. 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Lavis, and Ronald T. Raines  \nACS Chem. Biol. , 2008 , 3 (3), 142-155• DOI: 10. 1021/cb700248m • Publication Date (Web): 20 March 2008 Downloaded from [http://pubs.acs.org on March](http://pubs.acs.org on March) 2, 2009  \nMore About This Article  \nAdditional resources and features associated with this article are available within the HTML version:  \n• Supporting Information  \n• Links to the 4 articles that cite this article, as of the time of this article download  \n• Access to high resolution figures  \n• Links to articles and content related to this article  \n• Copyright permission to reproduce figures and/or text from this article  \nACS Chemical Biology is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W. , Washington, DC 20036  \nSubscriber access provided by UNIV OF CALIFORNIA CDL ACQUISITIONS  \nACS Chemical Biology is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W. , Washington, DC 20036  \nBright Ideas for Chemical Biology  \nLuke D. Lavis†,§ and Ronald T. Raines†,‡,*  \n†Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of WisconsinOMadison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,§Current address: Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147  \nABSTRACT Small-molecule fluorescent probes embody an essential facet of chemical biology. Although numerous compounds are known, the ensemble of fluorescent probes is based on a modest collection of modular “core” dyes. The elaboration of these dyes with diverse chemical moieties is enabling the precise interrogation of biochemical and biological systems. The importance of fluorescence-based technologies in chemical biology elicits a necessity to understand the major classes of small-molecule fluorophores. Here, we examine the chemical and photophysical properties of oft-used fluorophores and highlight classic and contemporary examples in which utility has been built upon these scaffolds.  \n*Corresponding author,  \n[rtraines@wisc.edu](rtraines@wisc.edu).  \nReceived for review December 1, 2007  \nand accepted February 26, 2008.  \nPublished online March 20, 2008  \n10.1021/cb700248m CCC: $40.75  \n© 2008 American Chemical Society  \nS mall fluorescent molecules are indispensable  \ntools for chemical biology, being ubiquitous as  \nbiomolecular labels, enzyme substrates, environmental indicators, and cellular stains (1–12). Choosing a suitable fluorophore to visualize a biochemical or biological process can be daunting, given the countless molecules available either commercially (13) or through de novo design and synthesis. Fortunately, the plethora of fluorescent probes has an intrinsic modularity. Attachment of various reactive groups, substrate moieties, chelating components, and other chemical entities to a small number of“core” fluorophores gives rise tothe ensemble of extant probes. Overall, these core fluorophores are well-established (9, 14), consisting of molecules with excellent spectral characteristics, high chemical stabilities, and facile syntheses. Probe selection and design can, therefore, be simplified by understanding the properties of these foundational fluorescent compounds.  \nIn this Review, we trek along the electromagnetic spectrum and discuss the properties of the main classes of fluorescent molecules used in bioresearch. We also give examples of tools constructed from these fluorophores. We believe that comprehension of the strengths, weaknesses, and common uses of each dye class will equip the chemical biologist for expeditions to reveal new biochemical and biological phenomena.  \nA Brief History. The first well-defined small-molecule fluorophore was the natural product quinine (1), an important compound for both medicinal and organic chemistry (15). The visible emission from an aqueous quinine solution was reported by Herschel in 1845 (16). Stokes showed ","cbCaiaUNd1GegKhB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaUNd1GegKhB","pdf",1235500,16,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# A Brief History\n## Quinina and early fluorescence\n## Fluorometers and instrumentation\n## Dye lasers and modern probes\n# Core dye modularity and probe design\n# Overview of fluorophore classes","[{\"question\":\"Why do small-molecule fluorescent probes matter in chemical biology?\",\"answer\":\"They function as biomolecular labels, enzyme substrates, environmental indicators, and cellular stains, enabling visualization of biochemical and biological processes.\"},{\"question\":\"How are fluorescent probes typically built from core fluorophores?\",\"answer\":\"A modest set of modular “core” dyes can be elaborated by attaching different reactive groups, substrate moieties, and other chemical entities, producing a wide ensemble of probes.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the review cover regarding fluorophores?\",\"answer\":\"It examines the chemical and photophysical properties of frequently used fluorophores and discusses classic and contemporary examples whose utility is built on these scaffolds.\"}]","Bright Ideas for Chemical Biology | PDF",1790000397]