[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-148114-105":59,"doc-detail-148114-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","bridle-breakdown-of-buried-paper-products","Bridle - Breakdown of buried paper products","","Analysis of relative breakdown rates for unused toilet paper, facial tissues, and tampons in nine Tasmanian natural environments evaluates how burial conditions and simulated nutrient inputs affect decomposition. Paper products were buried for 6, 12, and 24 months at 5 and 15 cm depths, with nutrient solution added to half the samples. Mean annual rainfall most strongly explained breakdown in the nutrient treatment, while temperature and soil organic content influenced unfertilised samples. Nutrients enhanced decay for all products across sites; burial depth showed no clear effect. Alpine western Tasmania exhibited minimal decay over two years, and the findings inform management to discourage disposal of human toilet waste in extreme environments.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/bridle-breakdown-of-buried-paper-products/148114/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/bridle-breakdown-of-buried-paper-products/148114.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ezra","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-08-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What paper products were compared for breakdown in natural environments?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Unused toilet paper, facial tissues, and tampons were assessed for relative breakdown performance in nine Tasmanian environments.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were nutrients and burial conditions tested in the study?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Samples were buried for 6, 12, and 24 months at depths of 5 and 15 cm, with a nutrient solution simulating human body wastes added to half the samples.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which environmental factor most influenced breakdown when nutrients were added?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Mean annual rainfall was the most important measured variable in the nutrient addition treatment, with wetter sites showing less decayed products than drier sites.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},148114,1787775240,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1099514068035,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Journal of Environmental Management 74 (2005) 21–30  \n[www.elsevier.com/locate/jenvman](www.elsevier.com/locate/jenvman)  \nAn analysis of the breakdown of paper products (toilet paper, tissues and tampons) in natural environments, Tasmania, Australia  \nKerry L. Bridle* , J.B. Kirkpatrick  \nSchool of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia Received 8 August 2003; revised 21 June 2004; accepted 25 August 2004  \nAbstract  \nAn examination of the relative breakdown rates of unused toilet paper, facial tissues and tampons was undertaken in nine different environments typical of Tasmanian natural areas. Bagsofthe paper products (toilet paper, facial tissues, tampons) were buried for periods of 6, 12 and 24 months at depths of 5 and 15 cm. A nutrient solution simulating human body wastes was added to half of the samples, to test the hypothesis that the addition of nutrients would enhance the breakdown of paper products buried in the soil. Mean annual rainfall was the most important measured variable determining mean breakdown in the nutrient addition treatment between sites, with high rainfall sites (mean annual rainfall of greater than 650 mm) recording less decayed products than the drier sites (mean annual rainfall of 500–650 mm) . Temperature and soil organic content were important influences on the breakdown of the unfertilised products. Toilet paper and tissues decayed more readily than tampons. Nutrient addition enhanced decay for all products across all sites. Depth of burial was not important in determining the degree to which products decayed. In alpine environments, burial under rocks atthe surface did not increase the speed of decay of any product. The Western Alpine site, typical of alpine sites in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, showed very little decay over the two-year period, even for nutrient enhanced products. Management prescriptions should be amended to dissuade people from depositing human toilet waste in the extreme (montane to alpine) environments in western Tasmania. Tampons should continue to be carried out as currently prescribed.  \nq 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.  \nKeywords: Human toilet waste disposal; Toilet paper; Tampons; Tissues; Back-country; Urine; Breakdown rates  \n1. Introduction  \nResearch into the impact of human faecal waste (faeces, urine and toilet paper) disposal on non-serviced wilderness areas appeared in the 1970s (Leonard and Plumley, 1979; Reeves, 1979) and in the 1980s (Temple et al., 1982) . While recent studies have noted issues caused by inappropriate human faecal waste disposal in back-country areas (Cole et al., 1997; Leung and Marion, 2000a,b; Rochefort and Swinney, 2000; Cole, 2001), they have concentrated on other recreation impacts such as physical disturbances caused by camping and trampling, both in the US (Marion and Cole, 1996; Leung and Marion, 2000a,b) and Australia (Sun and Walsh, 1998) . This gap in the knowledge of recreation impacts is recognised (Cilimburg et al., 2000) and  \n* Corresponding author. Tel.: C61 3 62262463; fax: C61 3 62262989. E-mail address: [kerry.bridle@utas.edu.au](kerry.bridle@utas.edu.au) (K.L. Bridle).  \nis especially important in a context of increased visitor use of the back-country (Sun and Walsh, 1998; Lachapelle, 2000; Poll, 2002) .  \nA Minimal Impact Bushwalking (MIB) Strategy was adopted by the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service in an attempt to encourage bushwalkers to dispose of their waste in an environmentally safe manner (O’Loughlin, 1988) . These guidelines advise campers to choose a toilet site that is at least 100 m away from any water source, where they should bury human waste (faeces and toilet paper) in a cat-hole approximately 15 cm deep. They are also advised to carry out used tampons. These guidelines were based on the Leave No Trace campaign in the USA. However, there are very few scientific data supporting the Australian guideline","cbCair78dhsC5LJf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair78dhsC5LJf","pdf",366398,"English","# Introduction\n# Methodology\n## Field methods","[{\"question\":\"What paper products were compared for breakdown in natural environments?\",\"answer\":\"Unused toilet paper, facial tissues, and tampons were assessed for relative breakdown performance in nine Tasmanian environments.\"},{\"question\":\"How were nutrients and burial conditions tested in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Samples were buried for 6, 12, and 24 months at depths of 5 and 15 cm, with a nutrient solution simulating human body wastes added to half the samples.\"},{\"question\":\"Which environmental factor most influenced breakdown when nutrients were added?\",\"answer\":\"Mean annual rainfall was the most important measured variable in the nutrient addition treatment, with wetter sites showing less decayed products than drier sites.\"}]","Bridle - Breakdown of buried paper products | PDF",25]