[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-439917-105":59,"doc-detail-439917-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","bridging-the-gap-in-nocardiosis-treatment-the-promise-of-nanoparticle-based-antimicrobials","Bridging the gap in nocardiosis treatment - the promise of nanoparticle-based antimicrobials","","A letter describes Nocardia as an opportunistic, gram-positive pathogen linked to contaminated soil and water, with infection routes including inoculation, inhalation, or skin injury. It summarizes clinical impact (pneumonia, brain abscess, cutaneous disease) and challenges: species-level differences in drug susceptibility and resistance to multiple antimicrobials, alongside high global mortality from antimicrobial resistance. Nanoparticle-based antimicrobials are proposed as an innovative approach to improve localized delivery, enhance membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species generation, and reduce dependence on long-term regimens, while noting translational barriers such as toxicity, morphology knowledge, measurement difficulty, and in vivo biological barriers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/bridging-the-gap-in-nocardiosis-treatment-the-promise-of-nanoparticle-based-antimicrobials/439917/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/bridging-the-gap-in-nocardiosis-treatment-the-promise-of-nanoparticle-based-antimicrobials/439917.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Grenda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does Nocardia infection occur and what diseases can it cause?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Nocardia infection can occur through inoculation, inhalation, or skin injury. It may lead to pneumonia, brain abscess, and cutaneous nocardiosis, with lung lesions such as bronchiectasis.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why is nocardiosis treatment difficult?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Nocardia species show different antibiotic susceptibility patterns and resistance to multiple drugs. Standard regimens often require long-term combination therapy, while outcomes vary by geography and species.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What advantages are proposed for nanoparticle-based antimicrobials?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Nanoparticles are small and have a high surface-to-volume ratio, supporting pharmacokinetic benefits. They can disrupt bacterial membranes, generate reactive oxygen species, and enable more precise localized delivery of antimicrobial compounds.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},439917,1791042494,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":14,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":24,"preview_page_count":4},7971474921005,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Letter to the Editor  \nBridging the gap in nocardiosis treatment: the promise of nanoparticle-based antimicrobials  \nHoorain Akhtar, MBBSa , Sumera Ayoub, MBBSa , Arsalan Khan, MBBSa , Muhammad Talha, MBBSb , Mahnoor Fatima, MBBSc ,*  \nTo the Editor,  \nNocardia is a group of gram-positive bacteria mainly found in contaminated soil and water. The portal of entry includes inoculation, inhalation, or skin injury. Nocardia infection is a type of opportunistic infection (OI) . It may cause pneumonia, brain abscess, and cutaneous nocardiosis. A recent taxonomic study discovered 119 species of Nocardia, among them 54 were linked with human infections. Some of which include N. nova, N. brasiliensis, N. farcinica, and N. abscessus. Each Nocardia species is different in its antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and its distribution diversifies geographically[1]. Nocardia affects mainly immunocompromised patients, who have undergone organ transplant and/or treated with corticosteroids, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients, and causes lesions in the lungs (i.e., Bronchiectasis). Nocardiosis treatment requires a long-term combination regimen[1]. This is in line with the TITAN Guidelines on the need for transparency in AI use in health care[2].  \nNocardia species are resistant to multiple drugs. In a study, an 85% success rate was found when patients with nocardiosis were treated with an antibiotic, i.e., Trimethorprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) alone or in combination with many drugs, such as linezolid, amikacin, or imipenem, and was effectively cured. In some other studies, 5.4% of Nocardia species showed growing resistance toward TMP-SMX; 42% of species were insusceptible to TMP-SMX; values differ due to different geographical regions[1] . Each year, at least 50,000 people die due to antimicrobial drug resistance worldwide. Using antimicrobial-based nanoparticles is a good alternative for treating nocardiosis as it is one of the innovative, short-term, and most effective ways to reduce antimicrobial resistance[3] .  \naDepartment of Medicine, Loralai Medical College, Loralai, Pakistan, bDepartment of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan and cDepartment of Medicine, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College, Rajshahi Medical University, Bogura, Bangladesh  \nSponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article.  \n*Corresponding author. Address: Department of Medicine,Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College, Rajshahi Medical University, Ladies hostel, Bogura 5800, Bangladesh. Tel.: +[8801972635581. E-mail: mahnoorzahid786@gmail.com](8801972635581. E-mail: mahnoorzahid786@gmail.com)[ ](8801972635581. E-mail: mahnoorzahid786@gmail.com)(M. Fatima).  \nCopyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nAnnals of Medicine & Surgery (2026) 88:980–981  \nReceived 1 November 2025; Accepted 3 November 2025  \nPublished online 24 November 2025  \n[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000004330](http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000004330)  \nNanoparticles have unique properties, such as small size with dimensions between 1 and 100 nm, a high surface-to-volume ratio, therefore beneficial for pharmacokinetics. These can be derived from many materials such as metals, metal oxides, liposomes, carbon, and quantum dots[4]. Nanoparticles disrupt bacterial cell membranes, generate reactive oxygen species, and prevent medication from being carried away as these particles adhere to bacterial membranes. Nanoparticles have multiple advantages in accomplishing a precise and localized delivery of antimicrobial compounds, consequently enhancing therapeutic efficacy[5].  \nNanoparticles are being used in many clinical trials, such as Ari","cbCais2uaBF2ZVp4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCais2uaBF2ZVp4","pdf",167065,"English","# Letter to the Editor\n## Overview of Nocardia infection and treatment challenges\n## Drug resistance patterns and global antimicrobial resistance burden\n## Rationale for nanoparticle-based antimicrobials\n## Current clinical trial examples and implementation barriers\n## Need for further studies on nanoparticle morphology and toxicity","[{\"question\":\"How does Nocardia infection occur and what diseases can it cause?\",\"answer\":\"Nocardia infection can occur through inoculation, inhalation, or skin injury. It may lead to pneumonia, brain abscess, and cutaneous nocardiosis, with lung lesions such as bronchiectasis.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is nocardiosis treatment difficult?\",\"answer\":\"Nocardia species show different antibiotic susceptibility patterns and resistance to multiple drugs. Standard regimens often require long-term combination therapy, while outcomes vary by geography and species.\"},{\"question\":\"What advantages are proposed for nanoparticle-based antimicrobials?\",\"answer\":\"Nanoparticles are small and have a high surface-to-volume ratio, supporting pharmacokinetic benefits. They can disrupt bacterial membranes, generate reactive oxygen species, and enable more precise localized delivery of antimicrobial compounds.\"}]","Bridging the gap in nocardiosis treatment - the promise of nanoparticle-based antimicrobials | PDF",1790690525]