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It links entries through cross-references and an outline history of Western thought, and includes brief contextual notes drawing on major thinkers such as Camus, Plato, Marx, Nietzsche, Bultmann, and Heidegger. The draft also points readers to authoritative reference works, supporting deeper study of each concept.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/brendans-glossary-of-philosophy-working-draft/418530/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/brendans-glossary-of-philosophy-working-draft/418530.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Terk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of Brendan’s Glossary of Philosophy?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It offers concise, working definitions of philosophical concepts, with cross-references to related entries and an outline history of Western thought.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the glossary help readers study topics more deeply?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It recommends in-depth resources such as the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, the Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, and Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How are some key Latin terms like a priori and a posteriori treated?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"They are defined as indicators of how conclusions gain their truth—either from logical structure alone (a priori) or from evidence and experience (a posteriori).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},418530,1791161421,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1099525198933,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Brendan’s Glossary of Philosophy  \nA Working Draft by Brendan Myers  \nCegep Heritage College, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada.  \nVersion 5 ~ January, 2025.  \nConcepts that appear in boldface are cross-references to other entries in this glossary, and/or entries in Brendan’s Outline History of Western Thought.  \nFor a more in-depth treatment of any of these concepts, I recommend:  \n• The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy: [https://plato.stanford.edu/](https://plato.stanford.edu/)  \n• The Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy: [https://iep.utm.edu/](https://iep.utm.edu/)  \n• Encyclopaedia Brittanica Online: [https://www.britannica.com/](https://www.britannica.com/)  \nA Fortiori. (Latin: ‘From what is stronger’) . An indicator word used to show that some conclusion follows with stronger reason than another one.  \nA Posteriori. (Latin: ‘After experience’). A proposition which gains its truth because of evidence, or something that can be observed with our bodily senses.  \nA Priori. (Latin: ‘Before experience’). A proposition which is gains its truth from its logical structure alone. Some types of arguments in formal logic are said to be sound because of a priori reasoning, as are many theorems in mathematics.  \nAbstraction. To speak of something‘in abstraction’ is to speak ofit in a general sort of way, as opposed to speaking of an specific example or observable instance of it; for instance, to speak of the colour blue instead of speaking of a particular object that happens to be blue. What makes this interesting and philosophical is that while we can see blue objects, we cannot see ‘blueness’on its own. We know about the property of blueness, separate from what we know of blue objects, through a process of abstraction. The question of whether abstractions have their own reality features in discussions of Plato’s Theory of Platonic Forms, and in metaphysics.  \nAbsurdism.  \n[1] The worldview, introduced by Albert Camus and related to Existentialism, which holds that any act of self-creation or act of making meaning out of one’s own free will, must nevertheless remain without meaning anyway, even for the person who did it. But we must make the attempt nonetheless, knowing that it is ‘absurd’ to do so.  \n[2] An absurdity is something clearly false, contradictory, or ridiculous; something that fails to make sense or meaning.  \nBrendan’s Glossary  \nAct Vs Rule Utilitarianism. Two different ways of conducting a Utilitarian Calculus. In ‘Act Utility’, you calculate how much utility will likely follow from any given choice you might make; this was Bentham’s position. In ‘Rule Utility’, introduced by John Stuart Mill, you calculate the utility that will follow from the observance of various rules. And if the rule turns out not to produce a net result of more benefit than harm, then you change the rule. After all, in Utilitarianism, it’s not the rules you care about. It’s the utility.  \nAesthetics. The branch of philosophy which considers questions about art, music, emotions, and feelings.  \nAkrasia. (from Greek: ‘lack of strength’, ‘lack of self-control’) . The quality of character possessed by someone who knows what to do but does not do it; moral cowardice; weakness of the will.  \nAletheia.  \n[1] From the Greek: revealing, disclosure, un-hiddenness; the opposite of lethe,‘forgetfulness’or ‘oblivion’.  \n[2] A theory of truth introduced by Rudolph Bultman and popularised by Martin Heidegger.  \nAlienated Labour. A principle in Marxism. In a capitalist system, working class people, especially industrial workers, are forcibly separated from their own labour, from the products of their labour, from the buyers of their products, and from each other. This, Marx asserts, has political as well as existential implications for workers (all of them bad) .  \nAlternative Facts. A neologism coined in 2017 by a spokeswoman for US President Trump, intended as a euphemism for lies, half-truths, Disinformation, and/or Bullshit.  \nAltruism. Generosity, kindness; t","cbCaii7UwRTe4321","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaii7UwRTe4321","pdf",500852,51,"English","# A Working Draft of the Glossary\n## Cross-references and reference sources\n## Selected glossary entries","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of Brendan’s Glossary of Philosophy?\",\"answer\":\"It offers concise, working definitions of philosophical concepts, with cross-references to related entries and an outline history of Western thought.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the glossary help readers study topics more deeply?\",\"answer\":\"It recommends in-depth resources such as the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, the Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, and Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.\"},{\"question\":\"How are some key Latin terms like a priori and a posteriori treated?\",\"answer\":\"They are defined as indicators of how conclusions gain their truth—either from logical structure alone (a priori) or from evidence and experience (a posteriori).\"}]","Brendan’s Glossary of Philosophy - Working Draft | PDF",1790613513,79]