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Increased mammographic density shows a statistically significant but weak correlation with a greater amount of glandular tissue. While the drivers of density-related tumor initiation and progression remain unclear, evidence implicates molecular pathways in epithelial-stromal interactions that promote fibrillar collagen deposition, matrix stiffness, and cell migration. The article proposes Breast Compactness on chest CT and supports breast stiffness measurements as imaging biomarkers for screening and risk stratification.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/breast-stiffness-a-risk-factor-for-cancer-and-the-role-of-radiology-for-diagnosis/382756/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/breast-stiffness-a-risk-factor-for-cancer-and-the-role-of-radiology-for-diagnosis/382756.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Putri","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How is breast density assessed in clinical radiology according to the paper?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Breast density is assessed using the American College of Radiology’s BI-RADS, which standardizes radiological reporting and provides categories for mammographic breast images.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What biological mechanisms are suggested to connect breast density with cancer?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The paper suggests that molecular pathways involved in epithelial-stromal interactions may drive fibrillar collagen deposition, increased matrix stiffness, and cell migration that support breast density and carcinogenesis.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the paper introduce for imaging assessment beyond traditional density measures?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It introduces the term “Breast Compactness” to describe collagen density on chest CT and highlights breast stiffness measurements as imaging biomarkers for screening and risk stratification.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},382756,1790808625,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962085571259,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Tarchi et al. Journal of Translational Medicine (2023) 21:582  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04457-0](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04457-0)  \nJournal of Translational Medicine  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nBreast stiffness, a risk factor for cancer and the role of radiology for diagnosis  \nSofia M. Tarchi 1,3, Monica Pernia Marin 1* , Md. Murad Hossain2 and Mary Salvatore1  \nAbstract  \nOver the last five decades, breast density has been associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer. Mammographically dense breasts are considered those belonging to the heterogeneously dense breasts, and extremely dense breasts subgroups according to the American College of Radiology’s Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) . There is a statistically significant correlation between the increased mammographic density and the presence of more glandular tissue alone. However, the strength of this correlation is weak. Although the mechanisms driving breast density-related tumor initiation and progression are still unknown, there is evidence suggesting that certain molecular pathways participating in epithelial-stromal interactions may play a pivotal role in the deposition of fibrillar collagen, increased matrix stiffness, and cell migration that favor breast density and carcinogenesis. This article describes these molecular mechanisms as potential “landscapers” for breast density-related cancer. We also introduce the term“Breast Compactness” to reflect collagen density of breast tissue on chest CT scan and the use of breast stiffness measurements as imaging biomarkers for breast cancer screening and risk stratification.  \nIntroduction  \nThe radiographic density of female breast tissue varies between individuals because of differences in the major tissue fractions’ relative abundance and radiological appearances [1–3]. These fractions, stroma, and epithelium, appear radio-dense (light) on mammograms while fat appears radiolucent (dark) [1, 4]. Radiologists subjectively and qualitatively estimate mammary breast density using the American College of Radiology’s Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) [3, 5, 6]. BI-RADS was implemented with the aim of standardizing and providing uniformity to radiological reports  \n*Correspondence:  \nMonica Pernia Marin [monicapernia.md@gmail.com](monicapernia.md@gmail.com)  \n1 Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA  \n2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA  \n3 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy  \n[7]. It offers a standardized terminology dictionary (the BI-RADS lexicon) through which to effectively communicate mammographic, ultrasound (US), and MRI image findings to clinicians and patients [7, 8]. More importantly, the BI-RADS system allows for the categorization of mammographic breast images into one of six breast density categories [5, 7, 9]. BI-RADS pioneered standardization in radiology reporting and was built tobe fluid and evolve with scientific advancement [7]. As such, we believe it will continue to be used for the foreseeable future. Even so, the current version of BI-RADS presents limitations. For example, there is a lack of terminology describing non-mass lesions on US, masses on Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), findings on automated breast ultrasound (ABUS) coronal plane, and contrast-enhanced mammography examinations for which standardized terminology should be established [8]. Other shortcomings of the BI-RADS system are the fact that categories 3 and 4 are described differently on MRI compared to mammography and US, and the fact that interpretation of follow-up imaging examinations are  \n© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium o","cbCaibvKTOBNj297","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibvKTOBNj297","pdf",1655060,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"How is breast density assessed in clinical radiology according to the paper?\",\"answer\":\"Breast density is assessed using the American College of Radiology’s BI-RADS, which standardizes radiological reporting and provides categories for mammographic breast images.\"},{\"question\":\"What biological mechanisms are suggested to connect breast density with cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The paper suggests that molecular pathways involved in epithelial-stromal interactions may drive fibrillar collagen deposition, increased matrix stiffness, and cell migration that support breast density and carcinogenesis.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the paper introduce for imaging assessment beyond traditional density measures?\",\"answer\":\"It introduces the term “Breast Compactness” to describe collagen density on chest CT and highlights breast stiffness measurements as imaging biomarkers for screening and risk stratification.\"}]","Breast stiffness, a risk factor for cancer and the role of radiology for diagnosis | PDF",1790252241,25]