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The review synthesizes progress in epidemiology, molecular subtypes, pathogenesis, and diagnostic technologies, emphasizing interactions among genetic, environmental, and tumor microenvironment factors. It summarizes emerging biomarkers, novel imaging and liquid biopsy methods, and expanded therapies including targeted treatments, immunotherapy, and AI-enabled decision and outcome prediction.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/breast-cancer-pathogenesis-diagnosis-and-treatment-a-comprehensive-review/348991/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/breast-cancer-pathogenesis-diagnosis-and-treatment-a-comprehensive-review/348991.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aria Callaghan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What is the scope of this review?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"It reviews advances in breast cancer epidemiology, molecular subtypes, pathogenesis, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies, including emerging biomarkers and techniques such as liquid biopsy.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How are breast cancer molecular subtypes described?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"The review groups breast cancer into major molecular subtypes, including triple-negative breast cancers, Luminal A, Luminal B, and HER2-enriched, each with distinct biological behavior and therapeutic vulnerabilities.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What diagnostic and treatment approaches are highlighted?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Diagnostics include molecular characterization, genomics, and non-invasive liquid biopsies alongside traditional imaging and histopathology. 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Panda,  \nKIIT University, India  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nPiyush Agrawal  \n [piyusha@srmist.edu.in](piyusha@srmist.edu.in)  \n[apiyush74@gmail.com](apiyush74@gmail.com)[ ](apiyush74@gmail.com)RECEIVED 22 December 2025 REVISED 24 February 2026 ACCEPTED 11 March 2026 PUBLISHED 26 March 2026  \nCITATION  \nPasi D, Aswathy B, Das M and Agrawal P (2026) Breast cancer pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment: a comprehensive review.  \nFront. Oncol. 16:1773232 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1773232  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2026 Pasi, Aswathy, Das and Agrawal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) .  \nThe use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nBreast cancer pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment: a comprehensive review  \nDarshika Pasi 1, Bijulal Aswathy2, Mrinmoy Das 2 and Piyush Agrawal 2*  \n1 Department of Biotechnology, St. Aloysius College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, 2 Division of Medical Research, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamilnadu, India  \nBackground: Breast cancer continues to be the leading global health concern and cause of cancer-related deaths among women, with about 20 million new cases and 9 .7 million deaths estimated globally based on GLOBOCAN 2022 data. Breast cancer exhibits unique epidemiological patterns and heterogeneity that influence several characteristic features including tumor development, metastatic potential, treatment response, and outcomes. The knowledge of the complex interplay between genetic, environmental, and microenvironmental factors is critical for developing better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.  \nMethods: A comprehensive literature search was carried out to review and compile the progress made in the field of breast cancer epidemiology, molecular subtypes, pathogenesis, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies. The focus was on genetic susceptibility, hormonal and behavioral risk factors, tumor microenvironment, novel biomarkers, novel imaging and liquid biopsy techniques, and novel treatment strategies, besides recent advances in bioinformatics and AI-based analyses.  \nResults: Breast cancer can be broadly classified into major molecular subtypes i.e., triple-negative breast cancers, Luminal A, Luminal B, and HER2-enriched. Each subtype exhibits unique biological behavior and therapeutic vulnerabilities. Tumor growth is driven by intricate interactions between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune cells, inflammatory mediators, extracellular matrix remodeling, hypoxia, cancer stemness, cellular senescence, and metabolic dysregulation. Progress in diagnostics have been made, with the integration of molecular characterization, genomics, and non-invasive liquid biopsies, in addition to traditional imaging and histopathology. Therapeutic modalities have expanded beyond conventional approaches such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation to modern day approaches such as targeted therapies, antibody-drug conjugates, immunotherapy, plant and nanomedicine-based therapies, and new cellular therapies. Also, computational biology and artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches are now rapidly increasing for biomarker identification, treatment decision-making, and patient outcome prediction.  \nConclusion: In summary, the current review provides an updated and comprehensive prospe","cbCaivTCuK9taD6m","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivTCuK9taD6m","pdf",9942397,32,"English","# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the scope of this review?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews advances in breast cancer epidemiology, molecular subtypes, pathogenesis, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies, including emerging biomarkers and techniques such as liquid biopsy.\"},{\"question\":\"How are breast cancer molecular subtypes described?\",\"answer\":\"The review groups breast cancer into major molecular subtypes, including triple-negative breast cancers, Luminal A, Luminal B, and HER2-enriched, each with distinct biological behavior and therapeutic vulnerabilities.\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic and treatment approaches are highlighted?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnostics include molecular characterization, genomics, and non-invasive liquid biopsies alongside traditional imaging and histopathology. Treatments extend beyond surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation to targeted therapies, antibody-drug conjugates, immunotherapy, and novel cellular approaches.\"}]","Breast cancer pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment: a comprehensive review | PDF",1790081048,81]