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It contrasts comparatively late advanced-stage discovery in African settings with the need for multidisciplinary treatment, noting that surgery is often the only feasible option. It reviews common surgical approaches and perioperative outcomes, reporting complication patterns and linking morbidity to pain management gaps, bleeding requiring transfusions, wound problems, and limited follow-up for radiotherapy. The letter emphasizes workforce scarcity and limited availability of specialized surgical services and reconstruction.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/breast-cancer-in-africa-an-extensive-surgical-burden-of-paramount-importance-letter-to-the-editor/378066/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/breast-cancer-in-africa-an-extensive-surgical-burden-of-paramount-importance-letter-to-the-editor/378066.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Riley West","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does breast cancer pose a serious problem for women in Africa?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The letter attributes the burden to high mortality, large annual prevalence, and evidence of substantial regional deaths and cases. It also projects disproportionate increases in incidence and mortality by 2050.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why is surgery often the main treatment option for breast cancer in many African countries?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Although multidisciplinary care is warranted, the letter states that surgery is commonly the only practical choice because other therapies are either unavailable or prohibitively expensive.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What perioperative complications are commonly reported after breast cancer surgery in Africa?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The letter lists pain, seroma, haematoma, operative wound infection, embolism, and delayed healing. It also describes higher complication proportions in Rwanda and complication rates from studies in Burkina Faso and Nigeria.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},378066,1790790182,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":14,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":24},1099523885074,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","’Correspondence  \nBreast cancer in Africa: an extensive surgical burden of paramount importance – letter to the editor  \nAndrew A. Wireko, MBBSa , Jack Wellington, MSc (LSHTM) FGMSa , Favour T. Adebusoye, MBBSa , Pearl O. Tenkorang, MBChBb , Amal O. Ahmad, MBBSa , Toufik Abdul-Rahman, MBBSa  \nDear Editor,  \nOne form of cancer that begins in the breast tissue is breast cancer (BC) . Due to its greater mortality rate than most other malignancies and its annual prevalence of 2.1 million women, BC is a serious health problem for women [1] . In 2018, there were ∼ 627 000 BC-related deaths, with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for 15% of all cancerrelated deaths [1] . Furthermore, according to the 2020 Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN), 186 598 BC cases and 85 787 related deaths were recorded in Africa [1] . BC is expected to more than double in many African countries by 2050, indicating that its incidence and mortality are rising disproportionately in Africa [1] .  \nAfrica continues to lag far behind, despite major improvements in BC management in the west. In contrast to other high-income countries, BCs in Africa are typically discovered and diagnosed in advanced stages. For effective treatment of BC, a multidisciplinary strategy involving surgery, chemotherapy and other methods is warranted. However, surgery is the sole choice in the majority of African countries because all other supplementary therapy options are either unavailable or prohibitively expensive.  \nThe two most popular surgical treatments for BCs are mastectomy and breast conservative surgery. Due to the high prevalence of advanced-stage BC presentations, primarily as a result of insufficient diagnostic and screening systems, mastectomy is frequently utilised in most African countries. A study conducted in sub-Saharan Africa discovered that breast conservative surgeries were performed on 16–26% of patients, and mastectomy was performed on 64–67% of BC patients[2] .  \naSumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine, bCardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK and cUniversity of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana  \nAndrew A. Wireko and Jack Wellington contributed equally and are co-first authors.  \nSponsorships or competing interests that maybe relevant to content are disclosed atthe end of this article.  \n*Corresponding author. Address: Sumy State University, Zamonstanksya 7,3, Sumy 40007, Ukraine. Tel.: +[380632725660. E-mail address: andyvans36@yahoo.com](380632725660. E-mail address: andyvans36@yahoo.com)[ ](380632725660. E-mail address: andyvans36@yahoo.com)(A.A. Wireko).  \nCopyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even for commercial purposes, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.  \nInternational Journal of Surgery (2023) 109:651–652  \nReceived 14 January 2023; Accepted 26 January 2023  \nPublished online 16 February 2023  \n[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JS9.0000000000000253](http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JS9.0000000000000253)  \nIn the context of perioperative outcomes, an examination of postoperative complications in 113 BC resection surgery patients in Rwanda between 2007 and 2016 revealed a higher proportion of postoperative complications[3] . Early postoperative complications affected 56.6% of BC patients, while late complications affected 60 .2%[3] . Pain, seroma, haematoma, operative wound infection, embolism and delayed healing are all common postoperative complications of African BC surgeries[3] . A study in Burkina Faso discovered 28.95% of BC surgery postoperative complications, while a similar study in Nigeria discovered 14.5%[4,5] . The increased frequency of early postsurgical pain can be attributed to insufficient or nonavailability of opioids to reduce pain[3] .  \nAnother study of mastectomi","cbCainxJFHUNZnos","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainxJFHUNZnos","pdf",214424,"English","# Breast cancer burden in Africa\n## Treatment constraints and surgical dominance\n## Surgical options and outcomes\n## Workforce and infrastructure limitations","[{\"question\":\"Why does breast cancer pose a serious problem for women in Africa?\",\"answer\":\"The letter attributes the burden to high mortality, large annual prevalence, and evidence of substantial regional deaths and cases. It also projects disproportionate increases in incidence and mortality by 2050.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is surgery often the main treatment option for breast cancer in many African countries?\",\"answer\":\"Although multidisciplinary care is warranted, the letter states that surgery is commonly the only practical choice because other therapies are either unavailable or prohibitively expensive.\"},{\"question\":\"What perioperative complications are commonly reported after breast cancer surgery in Africa?\",\"answer\":\"The letter lists pain, seroma, haematoma, operative wound infection, embolism, and delayed healing. It also describes higher complication proportions in Rwanda and complication rates from studies in Burkina Faso and Nigeria.\"}]","Breast cancer in Africa - an extensive surgical burden of paramount importance - letter to the editor | PDF",1790228238]