[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-39608-en":3,"doc-seo-39608-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},39608,16904993612988,"Olivia Brown","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","Breakdown of the Newton–Einstein Standard Gravity at Low Acceleration in Internal Dynamics of Wide Binary Stars","A gravitational anomaly is identified at very weak gravitational acceleration (around 10−9 m s−2) using internal dynamics of wide binary stars selected from Gaia DR3 with accurate distances, proper motions, and reliable stellar masses. High-order multiplicities and a calibrated multiplicity fraction ensure statistical agreement with Newtonian dynamics near ≈10−8 m s−2. Projected motions and separations are deprojected with a Monte Carlo method to compare Newtonian acceleration gN=GM/r2 and kinematic acceleration g=v2/r. The empirical relation systematically deviates, yielding a direct breakdown signature of standard gravity at weak acceleration.","The Astrophysical Journal, 952:128 (33pp), 2023 August 1 © 2023 . The Author(s) . Published by the American Astronomical Society.  \n[https:](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace101)[//](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace101)[doi.org](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace101)[/](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace101)[10.3847](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace101)[/](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace101)[1538-4357](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace101)[/](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace101)[ace101](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace101)  \nBreakdown of the Newton–Einstein Standard Gravity at Low Acceleration in Internal  \nDynamics of Wide Binary Stars  \nKyu-Hyun Chae   \nDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea; [chae@sejong.ac.kr](chae@sejong.ac.kr),  \n[kyuhyunchae@gmail.com](kyuhyunchae@gmail.com)  \nReceived 2023 May 4; revised 2023 June 21; accepted 2023 June 21; published 2023 July 24  \nAbstract  \nA gravitational anomaly is found at weak gravitational acceleration gN 􀀁 10−9 ms−2 from analyses of the dynamics of wide binary stars selected from the Gaia DR3 database that have accurate distances, proper motions, and reliably inferred stellar masses. Implicit high-order multiplicities are required and the multiplicity fraction is calibrated so that binary internal motions agree statistically with Newtonian dynamics at a high enough acceleration of ≈10−8 ms−2 . The observed sky-projected motions and separation are deprojected to the 3D relative velocity v and separation r through a Monte Carlo method, and a statistical relation between the Newtonian acceleration gN ≡ GM/r2 (where M is the total mass of the binary system) and a kinematic acceleration g ≡ v2/r is compared with the corresponding relation predicted by Newtonian dynamics. The empirical acceleration relation at  \n􀀁10−9 ms−2 systematically deviates from the Newtonian expectation. A gravitational anomaly parameter δobs−newt between the observed acceleration at gN and the Newtonian prediction is measured to be: δobs−newt = 0.034 ± 0 .007 and 0 .109 ± 0.013 at gN ≈ 10−8.91 and 10−10.15 ms−2, from the main sample of 26,615 wide binaries within 200 pc. These two deviations in the same direction represent a 10σ significance. The deviation represents a direct evidence for the breakdown of standard gravity at weak acceleration. At gN = 10−10.15 ms−2, the observed to Newton-predicted acceleration ratio is gobsgpred = 10 2 dobs-newt = 1.43 􀁯 0.06. This systematic deviation agrees with the boost factor that the AQUAL theory predicts for kinematic accelerations in circular orbits under the Galactic external field.  \nUnified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Binary stars (154); Gravitation (661); Modified Newtonian dynamics (1069); Non-standard theories of gravity (1118)  \n1. Introduction  \nGeneral relativity is the standard relativistic theory of gravity with its nonrelativistic limit matching Newton’sinverse square law of gravitational force, or Poisson’s equation. The standard Newton–Einstein theory satisfies the strong equivalence principle (Will (2014)) and does not permit any external field effect (Milgrom 1983a) in internal dynamics of a self-gravitating system falling freely under a uniform external field.  \nThe observed deviation of the internal kinematics of galaxies and galaxy clusters from the Newtonian prediction is usually attributed to unidentified dark matter (DM) . This has been the most popular interpretation of the astronomical data backed by the “right” amount of DM in the universe inferred from the standard cosmology based on general relativity (Peebles 2022) . Alternatively, the observational fact that nonrelativistic dynamics of galaxies already exhibits kinematic deviation may indicate that even Newtonian dynamics may need to be modified, as first suggested by Milgrom (1983a, 1983b) . Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) has been theorized as modified Poisson’s equations (Beke","cbCaiaVX6G17dfKj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaVX6G17dfKj","pdf",8694395,3,1,33,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What data and selection criteria are used to study the low-acceleration gravitational anomaly?\",\"answer\":\"Wide binary stars are selected from Gaia DR3 with accurate distances, proper motions, and reliably inferred stellar masses.\"},{\"question\":\"How are the observed sky-projected motions and separations converted into 3D quantities for the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"A Monte Carlo method deprojects the sky-projected motions and separation into a 3D relative velocity v and separation r.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the key observational result regarding the breakdown of standard gravity at weak acceleration?\",\"answer\":\"The empirical relation between Newtonian acceleration gN and kinematic acceleration g deviates systematically from Newtonian expectations, providing direct evidence for the breakdown of standard gravity at very weak acceleration.\"}]",1783085007,83,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"breakdown-of-the-newtoneinstein-standard-gravity-at-low-acceleration-in-internal-dynamics-of-wide-binary-stars","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/breakdown-of-the-newtoneinstein-standard-gravity-at-low-acceleration-in-internal-dynamics-of-wide-binary-stars/39608/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-18","2026-07-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What data and selection criteria are used to study the low-acceleration gravitational anomaly?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Wide binary stars are selected from Gaia DR3 with accurate distances, proper motions, and reliably inferred stellar masses.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How are the observed sky-projected motions and separations converted into 3D quantities for the analysis?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"A Monte Carlo method deprojects the sky-projected motions and separation into a 3D relative velocity v and separation r.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What is the key observational result regarding the breakdown of standard gravity at weak acceleration?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The empirical relation between Newtonian acceleration gN and kinematic acceleration g deviates systematically from Newtonian expectations, providing direct evidence for the breakdown of standard gravity at very weak 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