[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-583690-105":59,"doc-detail-583690-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","brain-drain-in-higher-education-final-report-esc41","BRAIN DRAIN IN HIGHER EDUCATION - FINAL REPORT - ESC41","","European Students’ Union (ESU) final report ESC41 examines brain drain in higher education within European and broader international settings. It defines key concepts such as brain drain, brain circulation, brain gain, and brain mobility, then analyzes causes, effects, and remedies drawing on literature. The report connects brain drain to the EHEA framework and EU positions, explores brain circulation and its quantitative dimensions, and discusses internal migration and economic and socio-economic mechanisms, ending with conclusions and supporting bibliography.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/brain-drain-in-higher-education-final-report-esc41/583690/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/brain-drain-in-higher-education-final-report-esc41/583690.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Connor ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-11","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the report define brain drain and related terms like brain circulation and brain gain?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The report defines Brain Drain as permanent emigration of skilled persons from one jurisdiction to another. It defines Brain Circulation as drawing on skills and experience gained by migrants, whether returned or in diaspora, and Brain Gain as benefits from immigration of highly qualified people.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which higher-education migration forms are considered in the analysis of brain drain?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The report discusses student brain drain and brain mobility linked to individuals studying in higher education institutions. It specifies degree mobility across the Bologna study cycles, particularly within the European Higher Education Area where countries can be both sender and receiver.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What main topics does the report cover after defining the concepts?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"After the glossary, the report analyzes the problematic of brain drain, reviews brain drain in literature with causes, effects, and remedies, and then expands to the EHEA and EU positions. 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Glossary  \nAll defi nit ions used in this document are taken from relevant sources and no new defi nit ions have been introduced for the purposes of this report. Some terms have been modified to fit the scope of the report, but they do not represent substantial discrepancy from the original defi nit ion.  \nBrain Drain (BD)  \nPermanent emigration of skilled persons from one jurisdiction to another.  \nBrain Circulation (BC)  \nThe possibility for developing countries to draw on the skills, know-how and other forms of experience gained by their migrants - whether they have returned to their country of origin or not-and members of their diaspora.  \nBrain Gain (BG)  \nThe benefit to a country as a result of the immigration of a highly-qualified person.  \nBrain Mobility (BM)  \nMobility of skilled individuals among jurisdictions, be they students, academics, or workers.  \nBrain Waste  \nA state when a qualification, education or skills are not recognized.  \nHighly-skilled person/ highly-qualified person  \nIndividual who has a university degree or extensive/ equivalent experience in a given field.  \n3  \nEuropean Students’ Union (ESU)  \nFighting for students’ rights since 1982 [www.esu-online.org](www.esu-online.org)  \nMundo-Madou Avenue des Arts ⅞ 1210 Bruxelles  \n2. Brain Drain  \n1. DEFINING THE PROBLEMATIC OF BRAIN DRAIN  \nThe term Brain Drain ( BD) identifies several phenomena. From the fi rst time it was used in 1963 by the Royal Society to describe the migration of British intellectuals to the United States (1) to its usage within the discourse of Third Worldism within the United Nations context (1;2), the term has been used to indicate the mobility of students, academicsand skilled workers, under the common defi nit ion of ‘ permanent emigration of skilled persons from one jurisdiction to another. The ‘sender’ jurisdictions are typically the losing ones while the ‘ receiver’ jurisdictions are typically the ‘ brain gainers’.‘ (3) What accomunates them is the loss of human resources on which the sending countries had put considerable educational investment (4) . For the purposes of this note, we will use terms such as Brain Drain, Brain Mobility, along w","cbCaimjOmK41zHH8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimjOmK41zHH8","pdf",1416874,23,"English","# Content\n# 1. Glossary\n## Brain Drain (BD)\n## Brain Circulation (BC)\n## Brain Gain (BG)\n## Brain Mobility (BM)\n# 2. Brain Drain\n## Defining the problematic of brain drain\n## Brain drain in literature: Causes, effects, remedies\n## Brain drain in the context of EHEA and EU\n# Brain Circulation\n## Defining and explaining brain circulation\n## Brain circulation - from then to now\n## Brain circulation in numbers\n## Brain circulation in context of internationalisation\n# Internal migration in Europe within the context of brain circulation\n# Key objectives in support of brain circulation within EHEA\n# Economic aspect of brain drain\n## Economic perspective on brain drain within EHEA\n## Economic mechanism of brain drain\n## The socio-economic side of brain mobility\n## Economic mitigation of brain drain\n# Conclusion\n# Bibliography","[{\"question\":\"How does the report define brain drain and related terms like brain circulation and brain gain?\",\"answer\":\"The report defines Brain Drain as permanent emigration of skilled persons from one jurisdiction to another. It defines Brain Circulation as drawing on skills and experience gained by migrants, whether returned or in diaspora, and Brain Gain as benefits from immigration of highly qualified people.\"},{\"question\":\"Which higher-education migration forms are considered in the analysis of brain drain?\",\"answer\":\"The report discusses student brain drain and brain mobility linked to individuals studying in higher education institutions. It specifies degree mobility across the Bologna study cycles, particularly within the European Higher Education Area where countries can be both sender and receiver.\"},{\"question\":\"What main topics does the report cover after defining the concepts?\",\"answer\":\"After the glossary, the report analyzes the problematic of brain drain, reviews brain drain in literature with causes, effects, and remedies, and then expands to the EHEA and EU positions. It also examines brain circulation, internal migration, objectives supporting circulation, and economic and socio-economic aspects before concluding.\"}]","BRAIN DRAIN IN HIGHER EDUCATION - FINAL REPORT - ESC41 | PDF",1792048070,58]