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Emphasizes the recent evolution and maturity of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibres enabling a new stacked hard armour plate system. Surveys energy-absorbing mechanisms across fibres, fabrics, polymeric laminates, and ceramics; analyzes ballistic fibre development trends and future projections.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/body-armour-article-15-2019/511380/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/body-armour-article-15-2019/511380.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"PakDamar76","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-10-06",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is this review considered timely for body armour materials and systems?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It is timely because test standards are being finalized or revised (including NIJ and UK Home Office), symposia have recently been held, and new systems and procurement decisions reflect rapid market and design change.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role do UHMWPE fibres play in the evolution of armour systems?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review highlights the evolution and maturity of UHMWPE fibres as enabling a new stacked system of hard armour plates.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which materials and mechanisms are reviewed to explain energy absorption in body armour?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The document reviews current understanding of energy-absorbing mechanisms across fibres, fabrics, polymeric laminates, and ceramics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},511380,1791288178,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962090893057,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Defence Technology 15 (2019) 241e253  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nDefence Technology  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/dt)[ www. elsevier. com/locate/dt](homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/dt)  \n| Body armour e New materials, new systems\u003Cbr>Ian G. Crouch*\u003Cbr>Armour Solutions, Trentham, Victoria, 3458, Australia |  |  | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| a r t i c l e i n f o |  | a b s t r a c t |  |\n| Article history:\u003Cbr>Received 27 November 2018\u003Cbr>Received in revised form\u003Cbr>21 January 2019\u003Cbr>Accepted 22 February 2019\u003Cbr>Available online 27 February 2019 |  | This is a very timely review of body armour materials and systems since new test standards are currently being written, or reviewed, and new, innovative products released. Of greatest importance, however, is the recent evolution, and maturity, of the Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene fibres enabling a completely new style of system to evolve e a stackable system of Hard Armour Plates. The science of body armour materials is quickly reviewed with emphasis upon current understanding of relevant energy-absorbing mechanisms in fibres, fabrics, polymeric laminates and ceramics. The trend in ongoing developments in ballistic fibres is then reviewed, analysed and future projections offered. Weaknesses in some of the ceramic grades are highlighted as is the value of using cladding materials to improve the robustness, and multi-strike performance, of Hard Armour Plates. Finally, with the drive for lighter, and therefore smaller, soft armour systems for military personnel the challenges for armour designers are reported, and the importance of the relative size of the Hard Armour Plate to the Soft Armour Insert is strongly emphasised.\u003Cbr>© 2019 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)). |  |\n| Keywords: Body armour\u003Cbr>Body armor Ceramic armour\u003Cbr>Reaction sintered silicon carbide UHMWPE\u003Cbr>Fibres\u003Cbr>Fabrics\u003Cbr>Strike-face materials Aramids\u003Cbr>Small-arms ammunition Hard armour plates Soft vests |  |  |  |\n\n1. Background  \nIt is extremely timely for a review of body armour materials and systems for the following reasons:  \n(1) The National Institute of Justice, in the US, are currently in the final phase of revising their standard, with NIJ 0101.07  \n[1], expected to be issued in 2019 [2]. This new standard will include guidance for testing of female body armour, and a radical step change in the range of small arms ammunition used to test future systems, as well as a significant relaxation of critical blunt trauma measurements.  \n(2) The UK Home Office has recently, in July 2017, issued a further revision of their body armour test standard [3].  \n(3) The latest in the series of Personal Armour Systems Symposia has recently been held in Washington D.C [4].  \n* Managing Director, Armour Solutions Pty Ltd, PO Box 42, Trentham, Victoria, 3458, Australia.  \nE-mail address: [ianarmoursolutions@gmail.com](ianarmoursolutions@gmail.com).  \nPeer review under responsibility of China Ordnance Society  \n(4) The UK MOD is soon to appoint the preferred tenderer for VIRTUS, their completely new body armour system e an example of fit, form and function dominating evolution, especially in response to changes in the military operational environment [5].  \n(5) In Australia, Victoria Police have recently appointed ADA to supply 14,000 completely new ballistic vests in 2019 [6], e another example of fit, form and function dominating design, not new materials!  \n(6) And finally, as a warning to armour technologists keen on developing new body armour materials, the case against Second Chance, for selling defective vests in the early 2000s, has just been settled, after nearly twenty years [7]. These vests were constructed of a man-made fibre called Zylon which, whilst offering a very attractive set of initial pr","cbCaimjC1fE6Kb8O","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimjC1fE6Kb8O","pdf",2271431,13,"English","# Background\n## Drivers from US, UK, symposia, and procurement updates\n# Nomenclature\n## Key terms and abbreviations","[{\"question\":\"Why is this review considered timely for body armour materials and systems?\",\"answer\":\"It is timely because test standards are being finalized or revised (including NIJ and UK Home Office), symposia have recently been held, and new systems and procurement decisions reflect rapid market and design change.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do UHMWPE fibres play in the evolution of armour systems?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights the evolution and maturity of UHMWPE fibres as enabling a new stacked system of hard armour plates.\"},{\"question\":\"Which materials and mechanisms are reviewed to explain energy absorption in body armour?\",\"answer\":\"The document reviews current understanding of energy-absorbing mechanisms across fibres, fabrics, polymeric laminates, and ceramics.\"}]","Body armour - Article 15 (2019) | PDF",1791251254,33]