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It examines how extended class periods influence school climate, staff morale, and, most centrally, student achievement. Survey results from administrators and students guide discussion of implementation issues, including student placement in classes and adjustments to teaching styles to better serve learners during longer instructional blocks.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/block-scheduling-and-its-gift-of-time-a-comprehensive-review/603018/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/block-scheduling-and-its-gift-of-time-a-comprehensive-review/603018.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"MrHarris58","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the central focus of the review on block scheduling?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review analyzes the historical background and the advantages and disadvantages of block scheduling, with special attention to how it affects school climate, staff morale, and student achievement.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does block scheduling relate to school reform efforts?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The article connects block scheduling to broader “school reform” ideas where reformers treated “time” as a key problem and advocated scheduling innovations, culminating in the growing impact of block scheduling.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What kinds of implementation issues does the article discuss?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It discusses issues such as scheduling students into classes and adapting individual teaching styles so that extended class periods better meet learners’ needs.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},603018,1792161955,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687212988360,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","BLOCK SCHEDULING AND ITS GIFT OF TIME: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW  \nROBERT C. MORRIS  \nUniversity of West Georgia, USA  \nABSTRACT  \nThis article gives an historical perspective of block scheduling as well as looking squarely at the advantages and disadvantages of it. It focuses on how block scheduling affects such things as school climate, staff morale, and most importantly student achievement. Results from surveys given to administrators and students utilizing block scheduling form the basis for discussing a number of the issues and problems generated by utilizing block scheduling. These issues include such things as the scheduling of students in classes to adjusting individual teaching styles to better meet the needs of learners in extended class periods.  \nOVERVIEW  \nThe concept of“school reform” has been used for an assortment of theories and practices that focus on how schools are funded, administered, and organized. One particular group of reformers have declared that “time” is the enemy of today’s schools and have centered their reform efforts on school management. Since the publication of Prisoners of Time, by the U.S. Department of Education in 1994, this group of reformers has advocated a number of school scheduling innovations. However only one scheduling form has had an ever-increasing impact on today’s schools. It is the scheduling practice we have come to know and refer to as block scheduling.  \nAlthough restructuring and block scheduling are concepts that have enjoyed wide acceptance nationally by States from California to Pennsylvania, neither concept is that recent, as Queen pointed out over twenty years ago (Queen, 2000) . The idea of restructuring often refers to drastic changes to improve overall student performance (including such things as standardized testing), where efficiency and effective use of school time is clearly a restructuring activity (Merritt, 2017) . As well, if one looks back on the concepts of what comprises block scheduling, they will find that the idea of an alternative schedule has a long history to it, beginning as early as 1959, when J. Lloyd Trump felt that the traditional schedule was not the most effective use of time, and he proposed eliminating it altogether.“The Trump Plan,” as his new schooling schedule was called, proposed a“40-minute lecture, a 100-minute lab, and a 20-minute help session each week” depending on the needs of the individual student. Other classes would be shortened to 20-or 30-minute sessions. In the 1960s Joseph Carroll proposed longer teaching periods after reviewing data from students that attended summer school; he attributed the success of the students work to the extended period of time and the modified teaching styles of summer school teachers (Thomas, 2001) . Neither plan gained wide acceptance, but both contributed to the discussion and essentially laid the groundwork regarding the impact of time segments in educational settings.  \nThe notion of an alternative schedule was again on therisein the 1980s after the National Commission on Excellence in Education published A Nation at Risk. The document reported American children were not excelling academically when compared to other industrialized nations, therefore concluding that the educational system in the U.S. was inferior, and time management needed to be reevaluated (Poppink et al., 2019) . The use of school time came under particular scrutiny in the 1990’s after the  \nEducational Planning | Spring 2022 61 Vol. 29, No. 2  \nNational Education Commission on Time and Learning stated, \"...learning in America is a prison of time. The degrees to which today’s American school is controlled by the dynamics of clock and calendar is surprising even to people who understand school operations.”(Lawrence & McPherson, 2000) . The Time and Learning Report (1994) also noted that only about 60% of the time students are actually in school is spent in actual classroom direct instruction of content teaching and learning. ","cbCaiivvldhCrMbF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiivvldhCrMbF","pdf",154827,17,"English","# Overview\n## Historical perspective of block scheduling\n## Rise in reform and time-management scrutiny\n# Different Types of Block Scheduling\n## Common plan categories and usage","[{\"question\":\"What is the central focus of the review on block scheduling?\",\"answer\":\"The review analyzes the historical background and the advantages and disadvantages of block scheduling, with special attention to how it affects school climate, staff morale, and student achievement.\"},{\"question\":\"How does block scheduling relate to school reform efforts?\",\"answer\":\"The article connects block scheduling to broader “school reform” ideas where reformers treated “time” as a key problem and advocated scheduling innovations, culminating in the growing impact of block scheduling.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of implementation issues does the article discuss?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses issues such as scheduling students into classes and adapting individual teaching styles so that extended class periods better meet learners’ needs.\"}]","BLOCK SCHEDULING AND ITS GIFT OF TIME - A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW | PDF",1792095588,43]