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Test overlays were prepared from dental casts and materials on day 1 and day 4 and evaluated with metric and nonmetric approaches under room temperature and 4°C conditions. Wax showed higher room-temperature correlation, while Styrofoam correlated better at 4°C, with improved fourth-day results. Wax and Styrofoam may serve as bite-registration media under special conditions such as trismus, bedridden, or mentally retarded subjects.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/bite-mark-evidence-evaluating-styrofoam-and-wax-sheet-as-an-alternative-registration-media-forensic-odontology-study/460267/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/bite-mark-evidence-evaluating-styrofoam-and-wax-sheet-as-an-alternative-registration-media-forensic-odontology-study/460267.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"A glass of water","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":30},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"Why are bitemarks important in forensic odontology?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"Bitemarks can be observed at crime scenes in cases such as sexual assault and may be used for identification, providing dental evidence in legal procedures.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How were wax sheet and Styrofoam evaluated in the study?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"Maxillary and mandibular casts were prepared, and test bites were recorded using wax sheet and Styrofoam. Reference and test overlays were generated on day 1 and day 4 and evaluated using metric and nonmetric methods.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"Which material performed better at room temperature versus 4°C?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Wax sheet showed a higher correlation coefficient at room temperature, while Styrofoam showed a higher correlation at 4°C, with Styrofoam improving on the fourth day compared with wax.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},460267,1790758107,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":106,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":30,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":26,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":79,"read_time":96,"preview_page_count":4},962090760832,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Original Article  \nBite Mark Evidence: Evaluating Styrofoam and Wax Sheet as an Alternative Registration Media  \nShipra Saxena1, Madhusudan Astekar2, Himanshu Upadhyay3, Debasree Boral4, Disha Naresh5  \n1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2Department of  \nOral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly International University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India, 3Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Implant and Maxillofacial Surgery Centre, Etah, Uttar Pradesh, India, 4Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, 5Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly International University, Bareilly,  \nUttar Pradesh, India  \nSubmitted: 22‑Jul‑2025  \nRevised: 27‑Jul‑2025  \nAccepted: 12‑Aug‑2025  \nPublished: 17‑Dec‑2025  \nAbstract  \nBackground and Objective: Forensic odontology is a branch of forensic sciences that deals with personal identification during mass disasters, sexual violence, child abuse, etc., using the knowledge and skills of the dentist. Bitemarks are observed atthe crime scene such as in cases of sexual assault and can be used for identification purposes and play a very useful role in providing dental evidence against convicts. Materials and Methods: Maxillary and mandibular impressions of 50 males and female subjects were taken along with cast preparation. Furthermore, two sets of test bites were recorded with test materials, i.e., wax sheet and Styrofoam. First set was kept at room temperature, and second was kept at 4°C. The reference overlays were generated from dental cast and test materials on the first day and the fourth day. They were evaluated by both metric and nonmetric methods. Results: When the reference overlay was compared with test overlay, wax sheet showed a higher correlation coefficient at room temperature, whereas Styrofoam showed a higher correlation at 4°C. Based on time lapse, test overlays of Styrofoam showed a high correlation coefficient on fourth day as compared with overlays from wax sheet. Conclusion: The wax and Styrofoam can be used as bite registration media on special conditions such as trismus, bed ridden individual, and mentally retarded subjects.  \nKeywords: Bite marks, comparative analysis, forensic odontology, identification, unique  \nIntroduction  \norensic odontology  \nFthat deals with the  \nis the branch of dentistry collection and evaluation of  \nthe dental evidence and to help law enforcement in various civil and criminal legal procedures with respect to forensic odontology, dentistry plays a little but significant role in this process. Methods used in forensic odontology are rugoscopy, cheiloscopy, bite marks, tooth prints, radiographs, photographic study, and molecular methods. [1‑3] Extractions, malalignment, malformation, injury, and dental restorations all  \n\n| Access this article online |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| Quick Response Code:\u003Cbr>| Website: [https://journals.lww.com/jpbs](https://journals.lww.com/jpbs) |\n|  | DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1266_25 |\n\ncontribute to the uniqueness of a bitemark. [4] Bitemarks are found in a significant number of child abuse victims. Hence, this study is conducted to determine changes of bitemark obtained on wax sheet and Styrofoam based on time lapse and temperature change. [4‑6]  \nAddress for correspondence: Dr. Shipra Saxena,  \nDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.  \nE‑mail: [shipra1802@gmail.com](shipra1802@gmail.com)  \nThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used comme","cbCaigNdelKCBeE8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigNdelKCBeE8","pdf",549719,"English","# Abstract\n## Background and Objective\n## Materials and Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n## Role of forensic odontology and bitemarks\n## Rationale for wax vs Styrofoam study\n# Materials and Methods\n## Study design and participants\n## Bite registration media and temperature conditions\n## Overlay generation and evaluation\n# Results","[{\"question\":\"Why are bitemarks important in forensic odontology?\",\"answer\":\"Bitemarks can be observed at crime scenes in cases such as sexual assault and may be used for identification, providing dental evidence in legal procedures.\"},{\"question\":\"How were wax sheet and Styrofoam evaluated in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Maxillary and mandibular casts were prepared, and test bites were recorded using wax sheet and Styrofoam. Reference and test overlays were generated on day 1 and day 4 and evaluated using metric and nonmetric methods.\"},{\"question\":\"Which material performed better at room temperature versus 4°C?\",\"answer\":\"Wax sheet showed a higher correlation coefficient at room temperature, while Styrofoam showed a higher correlation at 4°C, with Styrofoam improving on the fourth day compared with wax.\"}]","Bite Mark Evidence - Evaluating Styrofoam and Wax Sheet as an Alternative Registration Media - Forensic odontology study | PDF"]