[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-460018-105":59,"doc-detail-460018-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","biosensor-technologies-in-cancer-tools-for-early-detection-and-prognostic-monitoring","Biosensor technologies in cancer - tools - for early detection and prognostic monitoring","","Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, requiring better diagnostic technologies to enable earlier detection and improved patient outcomes. While imaging and biopsy are widely used, they are limited by invasiveness, high cost, and insufficient sensitivity for early-stage disease. Biosensors offer noninvasive, rapid, highly sensitive detection of cancer-associated biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA, microRNAs, exosomes, and tumor-associated proteins, supporting real-time monitoring. This review connects engineering design with clinical readiness, covering electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and FET-based platforms and addressing challenges like sensitivity, nonspecific binding, drift, standardization, scalability, costs, and regulatory validation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/biosensor-technologies-in-cancer-tools-for-early-detection-and-prognostic-monitoring/460018/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/biosensor-technologies-in-cancer-tools-for-early-detection-and-prognostic-monitoring/460018.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jasmine","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are biosensors important for cancer early detection and monitoring?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Biosensors can detect cancer-associated biomarkers noninvasively and rapidly, with high sensitivity and the ability to support real-time monitoring, addressing limitations of imaging and biopsy.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What biomarker types are highlighted as targets for biosensor detection?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review highlights circulating tumor DNA, microRNAs, exosomes, tumor-associated proteins, and circulating tumor cells as candidates for detection, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What challenges limit the clinical adoption of current biosensor technologies?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Key challenges include sensitivity constraints, nonspecific binding, signal drift, lack of standardization, manufacturing scalability issues, production costs, regulatory validation, and limited real-world reproducibility.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},460018,1790815979,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},2336478487870,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Fam etal. Biomarker Research (2026) 14:8 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-025-00884-x](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-025-00884-x)  \nBiomarker Research  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nBiosensor technologies in cancer: tools  \nfor early detection and prognostic monitoring  \nMei Kei Fam 1,5, Nurul Izza Ismail 2, Afzal Izzaz Zahari3, Nor Azlin Ghazali4 and Norfarazieda Hassan 1,5*  \nAbstract  \nCancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating advances in diagnostic technologies to improve early detection and patient outcomes. Traditional methods such as imaging and biopsy are effective and widely used clinically but are often limited by invasiveness, high cost, and lack of sensitivity for early-stage cancer. In response, biosensors have emerged as promising tools capable of detecting cancer-associated biomarkers including circulating tumor DNA, microRNAs, exosomes, and tumor-associated proteins. These devices are noninvasive, rapid, highly sensitive, and offer real-time monitoring capabilities. This review bridges engineering principles with clinical readiness, covering basic principles, material advances, and evidence supporting clinical use across electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors. We highlight recent breakthroughs in nanomaterials, amplification strategies, device miniaturization, and wearable biosensor platforms. Despite their advances, current biosensors face challenges in terms of sensitivity, nonspecific binding and signal drift, standardization, manufacturing scalability, production costs, regulatory validation and real-world reproducibility, which restrict their widespread clinical application. This review also discusses the integration between biosensors, artificial intelligence, and liquid biopsy workflows that could pave the way for point-of-care testing and personalized cancer management.  \nKeywords Cancer, Biosensors, Electrochemical, Optical, Piezoelectric, FET  \n*Correspondence:  \nNorfarazieda Hassan  \n[fara.hassan@usm. my](fara.hassan@usm. my)  \n1Department of Biomedical Science, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia  \n2School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia  \n3School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor,  \nPenang 11800, Malaysia  \n4School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300, Malaysia 5Breast Cancer Translational Research Programme @IPPT, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia  \nBackground  \nCancer has remained a major global health challenge for many years, ranking among the leading causes of death worldwide, with approximately 10 million mortalities reported in 2022 [1]. As a highly complex and heterogeneous disease, cancer development is largely influenced by diverse genetic mutations that vary between individuals. This biological variability prompted the emergence of personalized and precision medicine as central strategies in cancer. Early and accurate cancer detection plays a crucial role in improving treatment outcomes and prognosis, ultimately contributing to increased survival rates among patients [2].  \nConventional diagnostic methods such as ultrasound, X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET)  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted materi","cbCaigCTndqiaoyb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigCTndqiaoyb","pdf",3244616,16,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Conventional diagnostic methods and limitations\n## Biomarkers and biosensor applications","[{\"question\":\"Why are biosensors important for cancer early detection and monitoring?\",\"answer\":\"Biosensors can detect cancer-associated biomarkers noninvasively and rapidly, with high sensitivity and the ability to support real-time monitoring, addressing limitations of imaging and biopsy.\"},{\"question\":\"What biomarker types are highlighted as targets for biosensor detection?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights circulating tumor DNA, microRNAs, exosomes, tumor-associated proteins, and circulating tumor cells as candidates for detection, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges limit the clinical adoption of current biosensor technologies?\",\"answer\":\"Key challenges include sensitivity constraints, nonspecific binding, signal drift, lack of standardization, manufacturing scalability issues, production costs, regulatory validation, and limited real-world reproducibility.\"}]","Biosensor technologies in cancer - tools - for early detection and prognostic monitoring | PDF",1790757523]