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Lipid-based nanomedicines were engineered with an average size of 140 nm and encapsulation efficiency above 90% for etoposide, followed by in vitro testing for cytotoxicity and apoptosis in cancerous and non-cancerous human cell lines. Nanomedicines showed selective apoptosis in cancer cells, then demonstrated improved biosafety in C. elegans by assessing survival, body size, and effects on dividing cells, with antiproliferative activity restricted to highly proliferative germline cells.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/biosafety-evaluation-of-etoposide-lipid-nanomedicines-in-c-elegans/332173/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/biosafety-evaluation-of-etoposide-lipid-nanomedicines-in-c-elegans/332173.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Violet","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What were the lipid nanomedicines designed to deliver and what were their key physicochemical targets?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study developed lipid-based nanomedicines encapsulating the anticancer drug etoposide, targeting an average size of about 140 nm and encapsulation efficiency over 90%.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were cytotoxicity and apoptosis effects evaluated before biosafety testing?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing effects were assessed in vitro using human cell lines, including both cancerous and non-cancerous lines.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How did the biosafety results in C. elegans compare with free etoposide?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"In C. elegans, the nanomedicines showed a safer profile than free etoposide based on survival, body size, and effects on dividing cells.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},332173,1790594633,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},4398048950312,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002538284de19e3c?_k=1778320343897328908","Drug Delivery and Translational Research (2024) 14:2158–2169  \n[https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-023-01466-w](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-023-01466-w)  \nBiosafety evaluation of etoposide lipid nanomedicines in C. elegans  \nSouhaila H. El Moukhtari1,2 · Amanda Muñoz‑Juan3 · Rubén Del Campo‑Montoya1,2 · Anna Laromaine3 · María J. Blanco‑Prieto1,2  \nAccepted: 24 October 2023 / Published online: 16 February 2024 © The Author(s) 2024, corrected publication 2024  \nAbstract  \nNeuroblastoma is a pediatric tumor that originates during embryonic development and progresses into aggressive tumors, primarily affecting children under two years old. Many patients are diagnosed as high-risk and undergo chemotherapy, often leading to short-and long-term toxicities. Nanomedicine offers a promising solution to enhance drug efficacy and improve physical properties. In this study, lipid-based nanomedicines were developed with an average size of 140 nm, achieving a high encapsulation efficiency of over 90% for the anticancer drug etoposide. Then, cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing effects of these etoposide nanomedicines were assessed in vitro using human cell lines, both cancerous and non-cancerous. The results demonstrated that etoposide nanomedicines exhibited high toxicity and selectively induced apoptosis only in cancerous cells. Next, the biosafety of these nanomedicines in C. elegans, a model organism, was evaluated by measuring survival, body size, and the effect on dividing cells. The findings showed that the nanomedicines had a safer profile than the free etoposide in this model. Notably, nanomedicines exerted etoposide’s antiproliferative effect only in highly proliferative germline cells. Therefore, the developed nanomedicines hold promise as safe drug delivery systems for etoposide, potentially leading to an improved therapeutic index for neuroblastoma treatment.  \nKeywords Etoposide · Lipid nanomedicines · Cancer · Neuroblastoma · C. elegans  \nIntroduction  \nDespite the numerous advances in cancer treatment in the last century, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide [1]. Pediatric cancers present a significant challenge due to the genetic diversity among these types of cancers, the fragility of pediatric populations, and the long life expectancy [2] . Neuroblastoma (NB) is an embryonal malignancy of  \nSouhaila H. El Moukhtari and Amanda Muñoz-Juan are first coauthors and contributed equally to this work.  \n* Anna Laromaine [alaromaine@icmab.es](alaromaine@icmab.es)  \n* María J. Blanco-Prieto [mjblanco@unav.es](mjblanco@unav.es)  \n1 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain  \n2 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain  \n3 Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain  \nthe peripheral nervous system that usually develops in children under two years old and has a low prognosis [3] . Recent advances in NB treatment, such as antibodies and cell-based therapies, have improved some high-risk patients’ prognoses [4]. Chemotherapy remains a widely used treatment, although it can cause acute life-threatening effects and long-term toxicities affecting patients in adulthood [5] . In this context, nanomedicines have been demonstrated to improve the therapeutic index of drugs and also applied to deliver fragile molecules [6], theranostics [7], or immunotherapy [8] .  \nAmong chemotherapeutics, etoposide (ETP) has been widely used for various types of solid neoplasms as an oral and intravenous (iv) drug [9]. ETP is a phase-dependent topoisomerase II inhibitor derived from podophyllotoxin, which prevents cells from repairing DNA breaks during their cycle [10]. Despite this chemotherapeutic agent’s broad use, limitations have hindered its full potential. Moreover, the main doselimiting toxicity is myelosuppression, which","cbCaiv3mk2kVcKEf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiv3mk2kVcKEf","pdf",2592783,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What were the lipid nanomedicines designed to deliver and what were their key physicochemical targets?\",\"answer\":\"The study developed lipid-based nanomedicines encapsulating the anticancer drug etoposide, targeting an average size of about 140 nm and encapsulation efficiency over 90%.\"},{\"question\":\"How were cytotoxicity and apoptosis effects evaluated before biosafety testing?\",\"answer\":\"Cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing effects were assessed in vitro using human cell lines, including both cancerous and non-cancerous lines.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the biosafety results in C. elegans compare with free etoposide?\",\"answer\":\"In C. elegans, the nanomedicines showed a safer profile than free etoposide based on survival, body size, and effects on dividing cells.\"}]","Biosafety evaluation of etoposide lipid nanomedicines in C. elegans | PDF",1789997189]