[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-438560-105":59,"doc-detail-438560-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","biomass-derived-surface-functionalized-graphene-quantum-dots-for-aggregation-induced-green-fluorescence","Biomass-derived surface-functionalized graphene quantum dots for aggregation-induced green fluorescence","","Biomass extracts were used to synthesize nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots of about 3 nm, followed by surface functionalization to enhance their properties. The functionalization introduced inner vacancy-related defects and promoted aggregation, resulting in a marked increase in green fluorescence. Formation and incorporation of functional groups were confirmed via UV-vis, FTIR, dark-field STEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and fluorescence/photoluminescence studies, supporting their promise as multifunctional semiconductor materials for displays and biocompatible drug delivery.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/biomass-derived-surface-functionalized-graphene-quantum-dots-for-aggregation-induced-green-fluorescence/438560/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/biomass-derived-surface-functionalized-graphene-quantum-dots-for-aggregation-induced-green-fluorescence/438560.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Himbo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-01","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How were the nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots prepared?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (about 3 nm) were synthesized from biomass extracts and then surface functionalized to enhance their properties.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What mechanism links functionalization to enhanced green fluorescence?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Surface functionalization introduced inner defects and promoted aggregation of the graphene quantum dots, leading to a significant boost in green fluorescence.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which characterization methods were used to confirm structure, composition, and optical behavior?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, dark-field STEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and luminescence studies including fluorescence and photoluminescence were used to confirm synthesis, functional groups, size/defects, elemental composition, and optical properties.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},438560,1790766116,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687197100911,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697","Nanoscale Advances  \nPAPER  \nCite this: DOI: 10 .1039/d5na00705d  \nReceived 23rd July 2025  \nAccepted 9th October 2025 DOI: 10.1039/d5na00705d[rsc.li/nanoscale-advances](rsc.li/nanoscale-advances)  \nBiomass-derived surface-functionalized graphene quantum dots for aggregation-induced green fluorescence  \nSyed Adil Shah,  *a Eman Gulb and Syed Niaz Ali Shah  *c  \nIn the realm of nanomaterials, surface modification and vacancy defects are widely recognized as key factors that influence various physical and chemical properties. However, the creation and dynamic structural evolution of vacancy defects in atomically thin graphene quantum dots (GQDs) remain largely unexplored, primarily due to the challenges in isolating GQDs that exhibit such defects. In this study, nitrogen-doped GQDs (size ca. 3 nm) were synthesized from biomass extracts and subsequently surface functionalized to enhance their properties. Interestingly, the functionalization process not only introduced inner defects but also promoted the aggregation of GQDs, which, in turn, led to a significant boost of green fluorescence. The successful synthesis of GQDs and the incorporation of functional groups were confirmed using various characterization techniques. UV-vis spectroscopy was employed to identify the characteristic optical signatures of GQDs, while FTIR spectroscopy verified the presence of specific functional groups. Dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) was utilized for size authentication, visualization of inner defects, and insights into the morphological features of the GQDs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed for elemental analysis. Additionally, luminescence studies, including fluorescence and photoluminescence, were conducted to investigate the optical properties. The meticulously prepared surface-functionalized GQDs, showcasing elevated luminescence, hold significant promise as advanced multifunctional materials. Their semiconducting nature makes them strong candidates for high-performance display applications, while their exceptional biocompatibility and robust fluorescence position them as an ideal platform for drug delivery, particularly in cancer therapeutics.  \n1. Introduction  \nThe development of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) has gained impetus for various applications due to numerous bene􀀁ts, typically long-lasting photostability, non-toxicity, costeffectiveness, color tunability, and particularly their strong potential for biomedical applications.1–4 GQDs belong to the category of zero-dimensional (0-D) 􀀃uorescent carbon nanomaterials, which have a lot of edge states and functional groups along with a noticeable quantum con􀀁nement effect, characterized by a lateral size smaller than 10 nm.5,6 FunctionalizedGQDs exhibit better photo-response than GQDs in optoelectronic devices because of improved carrier transport.7–10 The presence of these functional groups imparts notable hydrophilic properties to GQDs, enhancing their optical characteristics and ensuring favorable biocompatibility and non-  \naSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University,  \nShenzhen, Guangdong 518060, [PR China. E-mail: syedshahkhan2141@gmail.com](PR China. E-mail: syedshahkhan2141@gmail.com)  \nbInstitute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan cInnovation and Technology Transfer, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,  \nDhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [niazalianalyst@gmail.com](niazalianalyst@gmail.com)  \n© 2025 The Author(s) . Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry  \ntoxicity.3,11 In practical terms, GQDs have gained signi􀀁cant recognition for their extensive utilization in the human body environment, particularly in cell imaging applications.2,12  \nStructurally, GQDs exhibit features similar to both fullerenesand carbon dots (CDs), comprising primarily sp2-hybridized carbon atoms, with localized sp3 sites bearing oxygencontaining groups.13–15 However, unlike CDs, which are gen","cbCaihfaFAWAWxvR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihfaFAWAWxvR","pdf",3353929,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Background and application potential of GQDs\n## Role of surface modification and heteroatom doping\n## Structural distinction between GQDs and carbon dots","[{\"question\":\"How were the nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots prepared?\",\"answer\":\"Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (about 3 nm) were synthesized from biomass extracts and then surface functionalized to enhance their properties.\"},{\"question\":\"What mechanism links functionalization to enhanced green fluorescence?\",\"answer\":\"Surface functionalization introduced inner defects and promoted aggregation of the graphene quantum dots, leading to a significant boost in green fluorescence.\"},{\"question\":\"Which characterization methods were used to confirm structure, composition, and optical behavior?\",\"answer\":\"UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, dark-field STEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and luminescence studies including fluorescence and photoluminescence were used to confirm synthesis, functional groups, size/defects, elemental composition, and optical properties.\"}]","Biomass-derived surface-functionalized graphene quantum dots for aggregation-induced green fluorescence | PDF",1790685716,28]