[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-120902-en":3,"doc-seo-120902-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},120902,4810365810221,"Aurora","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","Biomarkers of Necrotizing enterocolitis in the Era of Machine Learning and Omics","Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants, yet decades of research have not delivered reliable biomarkers for accurate diagnosis or prognosis. Multi-omics platforms may open a new route for NEC biomarker discovery using systems biology approaches. Machine learning and artificial intelligence can further extract patterns from large-scale omics data to interpret NEC subtypes and disease progression. This review evaluates omics- and ML-based studies in NEC diagnosis and discusses future implications and implementation challenges.","UC Davis  \nUC Davis Previously Published Works  \nTitle  \nBiomarkers of necrotizing enterocolitis in the era of machine learning and omics.  \nPermalink  \n[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/40b5s8hs](https://escholarship.org/uc/item/40b5s8hs)  \nJournal  \nSeminars in Perinatology, 47(1)  \nAuthors  \nLeiva, Tyler  \nLueschow, Shiloh Burge, Kathryn et al.  \nPublication Date  \n2023-02-01  \nDOI  \n10.1016/j.semperi.2022.151693  \nPeer reviewed  \n[eScholarship.org](eScholarship.org) Powered by the California Digital Library  \nUniversity of California  \nAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript  \n\n|  | HHS Public Access\u003Cbr>Author manuscript\u003Cbr>Semin Perinatol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2024 February 01. |\n| --- | --- |\n\nPublished in final edited form as:  \nSemin Perinatol. 2023 February ; 47(1): 151693. doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2022.151693 .  \nBiomarkers of Necrotizing enterocolitis in the Era of Machine Learning and Omics  \nTyler Leiva, MD 1 , Shiloh Lueschow, PhD2 , Kathryn Burge, PhD3 , Christa Devette, MD, PhD3 , Steven McElroy, MD4 , Hala Chaaban, MD3,*  \n1 Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK  \n2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA  \n3 Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK  \n4 Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA  \nAbstract  \nNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Despite decades of research in NEC, no reliable biomarkers can accurately diagnose NEC or predict patient prognosis. The recent emergence of multi-omics could potentially shift NEC biomarker discovery, particularly when evaluated using systems biology techniques.  \nFurthermore, the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence in analyzing this ‘big data’could enable novel interpretations of NEC subtypes, disease progression, and potential therapeutic targets, allowing for integration with personalized medicine approaches. In this review, we evaluate studies using omics technologies and machine learning in the diagnosis of NEC. Future implications and challenges inherent to the field are also discussed.  \nIntroduction  \nNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating gastrointestinal pathology affecting approximately 7% of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants 1. Despite decades of research, morbidity and mortality are unacceptably high2, due, in part, to a lack of understanding of disease pathogenesis. In addition, identification of biomarkers to aid in early diagnosis and treatment, thus far, has not been successful. Clinically, diagnosis of NEC is challenging. Early signs and symptoms are non-specific and difficult to distinguish from those of similar pathologies2, 3. Moreover, early radiologic features and pneumatosis intestinalis  \n*Hala Chaaban, 1200 N. Everett Dr., ETNP 7504, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Ph. 405-271-5215; Fax: 405-271-1235; hala[chaaban@ouhsc.edu](chaaban@ouhsc.edu).  \nPublisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.  \nDisclosure:  \nThe authors report no conflicts of interest.  \nAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript  \nLeiva et al. Page 2  \nare neither sensitive nor specific in diagnosing NEC 10, 11. Thus, a specific biomarker or panel of biomarkers capable of identifying infants with early NEC is critical in improving patient outcomes4, 5. The recent intro","cbCaitkhvmYhAyTW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitkhvmYhAyTW","pdf",480573,1,16,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Genomics and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)","[{\"question\":\"Why are reliable NEC biomarkers still lacking?\",\"answer\":\"Despite decades of research, no reliable biomarker can accurately diagnose NEC or predict prognosis. Methodological inconsistencies, reporting/analysis conventions, and data scale are major limitations across studies.\"},{\"question\":\"How can multi-omics improve NEC biomarker discovery?\",\"answer\":\"High-throughput multi-omics technologies enable exploration of multiple molecular layers in diseased versus healthy cells or tissues, supporting the discovery of predictive, diagnostic, or prognostic biomarkers.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do machine learning and AI play in NEC research?\",\"answer\":\"Machine learning and AI can integrate omics data with NEC clinical features, progression phenotypes, and potential therapeutic targets, generating clinically meaningful insights for diagnosis and future interventions.\"}]","Biomarkers of Necrotizing enterocolitis in the Era of Machine Learning and Omics | PDF",1785732581,40,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"biomarkers-of-necrotizing-enterocolitis-in-the-era-of-machine-learning-and-omics","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/biomarkers-of-necrotizing-enterocolitis-in-the-era-of-machine-learning-and-omics/120902/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why are reliable NEC biomarkers still lacking?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Despite decades of research, no reliable biomarker can accurately diagnose NEC or predict prognosis. Methodological inconsistencies, reporting/analysis conventions, and data scale are major limitations across studies.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How can multi-omics improve NEC biomarker discovery?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"High-throughput multi-omics technologies enable exploration of multiple molecular layers in diseased versus healthy cells or tissues, supporting the discovery of predictive, diagnostic, or prognostic biomarkers.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What role do machine learning and AI play in NEC research?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Machine learning and AI can integrate omics data with NEC clinical features, progression phenotypes, and potential therapeutic targets, generating clinically meaningful insights for diagnosis and future interventions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":29,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare","healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]