[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-341799-105":59,"doc-detail-341799-en":135},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":128,"head_meta":130,"extra_data":132,"updated_unix":134},105,"en","biomarkers-for-diagnosis-and-therapeutic-options-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma","Biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic options in hepatocellular carcinoma","","Liver cancer poses a major global health burden, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as the most common primary liver cancer and a highly heterogeneous disease at molecular and cellular levels. Current care for unresectable or advanced HCC relies on chemotherapy and immunotherapy, yet mutation-driven responses and acquired resistance are difficult to predict, often leading to suboptimal outcomes. Liquid biopsy enables retrieval of tumor genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironment information, supporting evidence-based treatment decisions. This review summarizes HCC detection and surveillance advances, emphasizing molecular basis, epigenetic profiles, circulating tumor cells and nucleic acids, and omics studies, and discusses biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and drug resistance.",{"@graph":69,"@context":127},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/biomarkers-for-diagnosis-and-therapeutic-options-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma/341799/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/biomarkers-for-diagnosis-and-therapeutic-options-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma/341799.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",16,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119,123],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are biomarker-based treatment decisions important in hepatocellular carcinoma?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"HCC is highly heterogeneous, and current systemic guidelines do not reliably predict drug response or acquired resistance based on mutation patterns or molecular biomarkers. This can lead to suboptimal outcomes, especially for patients with atypical molecular profiles.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What information can liquid biopsy provide for HCC?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Liquid biopsy can capture valuable tumor information including genetic alterations, epigenetic data, and tumor microenvironment features. These collective data help support decision-making for treatment regimens.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which biomarker categories are highlighted for diagnosis and surveillance?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review emphasizes molecular basis and epigenetic profiles, circulating tumor cells, circulating DNAs, and omics studies. It also discusses related clinical trial findings and efforts to update HCC surveillance using liquid biopsy.",{"name":124,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":125},"How do biomarkers support therapeutic option selection and resistance assessment?",{"text":126,"@type":114},"Biomarkers associated with therapeutic choices are discussed alongside markers linked to detection, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and drug resistance indicators. Targeted therapy trials are highlighted to connect biomarker insights with clinical decision-making.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":129,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":131,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":133,"site_id":62},341799,1790075268,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":136},{"doc_id":133,"user_id":137,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":138,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":139,"file_id":140,"file_url":141,"file_type":142,"file_size":143,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":144,"language":145,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":146,"faqs":147,"seo_title":148,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":149,"read_time":150},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Chan et al. Molecular Cancer (2024) 23:189 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-02101-z](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-02101-z)  \nMolecular Cancer  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nBiomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic options in hepatocellular carcinoma  \nYau-Tuen Chan 1, Cheng Zhang1, Junyu Wu1, Pengde Lu1, Lin Xu1, Hongchao Yuan1, Yibin Feng1, Zhe-Sheng Chen1,2* and Ning Wang1*  \nAbstract  \nLiver cancer is a global health challenge, causing a significant social-economic burden. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant type of primary liver cancer, which is highly heterogeneous in terms of molecular and cellular signatures. Early-stage or small tumors are typically treated with surgery or ablation. Currently, chemotherapies and immunotherapies are the best treatments for unresectable tumors or advanced HCC. However, drug response and acquired resistance are not predictable with the existing systematic guidelines regarding mutation patterns and molecular biomarkers, resulting in sub-optimal treatment outcomes for many patients with atypical molecular profiles. With advanced technological platforms, valuable information such as tumor genetic alterations, epigenetic data, and tumor microenvironments can be obtained from liquid biopsy. The inter-and intra-tumoral heterogeneity of HCC are illustrated, and these collective data provide solid evidence in the decision-making process of treatment regimens. This article reviews the current understanding of HCC detection methods and aims to update the development of HCC surveillance using liquid biopsy. Recent critical findings on the molecular basis, epigenetic profiles, circulating tumor cells, circulating DNAs, and omics studies are elaborated for HCC diagnosis. Besides, biomarkers related to the choice of therapeutic options are discussed. Some notable recent clinical trials working on targeted therapies are also highlighted. Insights are provided to translate the knowledge into potential biomarkers for detection and diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and drug resistance indicators in clinical practice.  \nKeywords Hepatocellular carcinoma, Biomarkers, Cancer diagnosis, Cancer surveillance, Cancer treatment, Therapeutic option, Tissue biopsy, Liquid biopsy, Serological biomarkers, Circulating tumor cells, Cell-free DNA, Circulating tumor DNA, Non-coding RNAs, Methylation, Tumor-derived vesicles, Metabolomics, Surgical resection, TACE, HAIC, Local ablation, Liver transplantation, Targeted therapies, Immunotherapies, Artificial intelligence, Clinical trials  \n*Correspondence: Zhe-Sheng Chen[chenz@stjohns.edu](chenz@stjohns.edu)[ ](chenz@stjohns.edu)Ning Wang ckwang@hku.hk  \n1 School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong  \n2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA  \nIntroduction  \nLiver cancer is the second most lethal cancer worldwide, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the most prevalent subtype, accounting for 90% of cases. Common risk factors include viral infections such as hepatitis B/C virus (HBV/HCV) infections, chronic liver diseases (CLDs) like fatty liver or cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, and metabolic diseases including diabetes. Other less common risk factors are hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis, and exposure to certain environmental toxins. HCC is often challenging to diagnose due to the absence  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this art","cbCairUS4ZXjel5V","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairUS4ZXjel5V","pdf",2385901,39,"English","# Introduction\n# Biomarkers from liquid biopsy\n## Molecular and epigenetic profiles\n## Circulating tumor cells and circulating nucleic acids\n## Omics studies in HCC\n# Biomarkers for therapeutic option selection\n# Clinical trials and targeted therapies\n# Future directions for clinical translation","[{\"question\":\"Why are biomarker-based treatment decisions important in hepatocellular carcinoma?\",\"answer\":\"HCC is highly heterogeneous, and current systemic guidelines do not reliably predict drug response or acquired resistance based on mutation patterns or molecular biomarkers. This can lead to suboptimal outcomes, especially for patients with atypical molecular profiles.\"},{\"question\":\"What information can liquid biopsy provide for HCC?\",\"answer\":\"Liquid biopsy can capture valuable tumor information including genetic alterations, epigenetic data, and tumor microenvironment features. These collective data help support decision-making for treatment regimens.\"},{\"question\":\"Which biomarker categories are highlighted for diagnosis and surveillance?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes molecular basis and epigenetic profiles, circulating tumor cells, circulating DNAs, and omics studies. It also discusses related clinical trial findings and efforts to update HCC surveillance using liquid biopsy.\"},{\"question\":\"How do biomarkers support therapeutic option selection and resistance assessment?\",\"answer\":\"Biomarkers associated with therapeutic choices are discussed alongside markers linked to detection, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and drug resistance indicators. Targeted therapy trials are highlighted to connect biomarker insights with clinical decision-making.\"}]","Biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic options in hepatocellular carcinoma | PDF",1790043876,98]