[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-378724-105":59,"doc-detail-378724-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","biology-of-cancer-testis-antigens-and-their-therapeutic-implications-in-cancer-review","Biology of Cancer-Testis Antigens and Their Therapeutic Implications in Cancer - Review","","Tumour-specific antigens are central to cancer therapy, and immune-based treatments make their selection and targeting increasingly important. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are defined by expression in testis and cancer cells, and they occur across many cancer types, making them attractive cancer-specific therapeutic targets. Rapid identification of new CTAs and research linking CTA expression to tumourigenesis and therapy resistance have accelerated, alongside growing clinical trials using selected CTAs as molecular and immune-targeted therapy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/biology-of-cancer-testis-antigens-and-their-therapeutic-implications-in-cancer-review/378724/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/biology-of-cancer-testis-antigens-and-their-therapeutic-implications-in-cancer-review/378724.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Finn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) and why are they relevant to cancer therapy?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"CTAs are antigens with expression specific to testis and cancer cells. Their frequent presence and specificity across cancers make them promising targets for cancer therapy.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How have CTAs been identified and expanded in research?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Early studies focused on tumour antigens in the 1950s, and CTAs were later identified in humans. With high-throughput PCR and sequencing, the number of CTA members recognized has rapidly expanded.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What therapeutic strategies and clinical trials are associated with CTAs?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"CTAs are used as molecular targets in pharmacological and immune-targeted therapeutics. The review also discusses CTA-targeted anticancer strategies and their implications.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},378724,1790766456,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":41,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},34359740700684,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487","cells  \nReview  \nBiology of Cancer-Testis Antigens and Their Therapeutic Implications in Cancer  \nDawn Sijin Nin 1,2, * and Lih-Wen Deng 1,2,3  \nCitation: Nin, D.S.; Deng, L.-W. Biology of Cancer-Testis Antigensand Their Therapeutic Implications in Cancer. Cells 2023, 12, 926 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)cells12060926  \nAcademic Editors: Jos² A.  \nGarc½a-Sanz and Marisa M. Merino  \nReceived: 27 February 2023  \nRevised: 14 March 2023  \nAccepted: 15 March 2023  \nPublished: 17 March 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD 7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117596, Singapore; [bchdlw@nus.edu.sg](bchdlw@nus.edu.sg)  \n2 NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore  \n3 National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore  \n* [Correspondence: bchnsda@nus.edu.sg](Correspondence: bchnsda@nus.edu.sg); Tel.: +65-98627673  \nAbstract: Tumour-specific antigens have been an area of interest in cancer therapy since their discovery in the middle of the 20th century. In the era of immune-based cancer therapeutics, redirecting our immune cells to target these tumour-specific antigens has become even more relevant. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are a class of antigens with an expression specific to the testis and cancer cells. CTAshave also been demonstrated to be expressed in a wide variety of cancers. Due to their frequency and specificity of expression in a multitude of cancers, CTAs have been particularly attractive as cancer-specific therapeutic targets. There is now a rapid expansion of CTAs being identified and many studies have been conducted to correlate CTA expression with cancer and therapy-resistant phenotypes. Furthermore, there is an increasing number of clinical trials involving using some of these CTAs as molecular targets in pharmacological and immune-targeted therapeutics for various cancers. This review will summarise the current knowledge of the biology of known CTAs in tumorigenesis and the regulation of CTA genes. CTAs as molecular targets and the therapeutic implications of these CTA-targeted anticancer strategies will also be discussed.  \nKeywords: cancer-testis antigens; CT antigens; cancer  \n1. Introduction  \nAt the beginning of the 20th century, Scottish embryologist John Bread first proposed that cancer arises from migrating germ cells that were “displaced” and never reached the gonads during embryogenesis, a theory now known as the trophoblastic theory of cancer [1] . Many parallels at the molecular level can be drawn between the processes of embryogenesis, spermatogenesis and cancer progression (Figure 1), supporting this trophoblastic model for tumorigenesis. In the decades following Bread's proposed theory, data suggesting frequent production of chorionic gonadotropin and other trophoblastic hormones in human cancers [2,3] further indicates the association between germ cell development and cancer progression. These discoveries galvanised the identification of a growing number of proteins that are exclusively expressed in trophoblasts, germ cells and tumour cells, proteins which we now know as cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) [4,5] . Thereis now a theory that the reactivation of the normally silenced gametogenesis programme in somatic cells could be a driving force of tumorigenesis [6] and these CTA proteins may play a role in signalling the pathways required for the acquisition of various b","cbCaichcndFb4r51","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaichcndFb4r51","pdf",1382816,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Discovery of CTAs","[{\"question\":\"What are cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) and why are they relevant to cancer therapy?\",\"answer\":\"CTAs are antigens with expression specific to testis and cancer cells. Their frequent presence and specificity across cancers make them promising targets for cancer therapy.\"},{\"question\":\"How have CTAs been identified and expanded in research?\",\"answer\":\"Early studies focused on tumour antigens in the 1950s, and CTAs were later identified in humans. With high-throughput PCR and sequencing, the number of CTA members recognized has rapidly expanded.\"},{\"question\":\"What therapeutic strategies and clinical trials are associated with CTAs?\",\"answer\":\"CTAs are used as molecular targets in pharmacological and immune-targeted therapeutics. The review also discusses CTA-targeted anticancer strategies and their implications.\"}]","Biology of Cancer-Testis Antigens and Their Therapeutic Implications in Cancer - Review | PDF",1790232091,76]