[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-657145-105":59,"doc-detail-657145-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","biology-chapter-3-biological-macromolecules","Biology - Chapter 3 - Biological Macromolecules","","Chapter 3 explains how biological macromolecules are synthesized from smaller monomers and how they are subsequently broken down. It introduces dehydration (condensation) synthesis, where monomers link by forming covalent bonds while releasing water, and hydrolysis, where water is added across bonds to regenerate monomers. The chapter links these reactions to enzyme catalysis and digestive processes, then begins the study of carbohydrates by covering their dietary significance, molecular structure, and classification into mono-, di-, and polysaccharides.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/biology-chapter-3-biological-macromolecules/657145/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/biology-chapter-3-biological-macromolecules/657145.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"QWQ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are biological macromolecules, and what role do they play in living things?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Biological macromolecules are large molecules required for life. They are built from smaller organic monomers and are essential components of cells with many functions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does dehydration synthesis build macromolecules?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Monomers combine using covalent bonds to form polymers while releasing water as a byproduct. The hydrogen from one monomer and the hydroxyl group from another form a water molecule during linkage.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is hydrolysis, and how is it related to dehydration synthesis?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers by inserting water across bonds. The process adds a water molecule and splits the polymer into components, making it the reverse of the synthesis reaction.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},657145,1792974904,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},962094510011,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","CHAPTER 3  \nBiological Macromolecules  \nFigure 3.1 Foods such as bread, fruit, and cheese are rich sources of biological macromolecules.(credit: modification of work by Bengt Nyman)  \nINTRODUCTION Food provides the body with the nutrients it needs to survive. Many of these critical nutrients are biological macromolecules, or large molecules, necessary for life. Different smaller organic molecule (monomer) combinations build these macromolecules (polymers). What specific biological macromolecules do living things require? How do these molecules form? What functions do they serve? We explore these questions in this chapter.  \n3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules  \nChapter Outline  \n3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules  \n3.2 Carbohydrates  \n3.3 Lipids  \n3.4 Proteins  \n3.5 Nucleic Acids  \nBy the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:  \n• Understand macromolecule synthesis  \n• Explain dehydration (or condensation) and hydrolysis reactions  \nAs you’ve learned, biological macromolecules are large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules. There are four major biological macromolecule classes (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). Each is an important cell component and performs a wide array of functions.  \nCombined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell’s dry mass (recall that water makes up the majority of its complete mass) . Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and additional minor elements.  \nDehydration Synthesis  \nMost macromolecules are made from single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. This type of reaction is dehydration synthesis, which means “to put together while losing water.”  \nFigure 3.2 In the dehydration synthesis reaction above, two glucose molecules link to form the disaccharide maltose. In the process, it forms a water molecule.  \nIn a dehydration synthesis reaction (Figure 3.2), the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group ofanother monomer, releasing a water molecule. At the same time, the monomers share electrons and form covalent bonds. As additional monomers join, this chain of repeating monomers forms a polymer. Different monomer types can combine in many configurations, giving rise to a diverse group of macromolecules. Even one kind of monomer can combine in a variety of ways to form several different polymers. For example, glucose monomers are the constituents ofstarch, glycogen, and cellulose.  \nHydrolysis  \nPolymers break down into monomers during hydrolysis. A chemical reaction occurs when inserting a water molecule across the bond. Breaking a covalent bond with this water molecule in the compound achieves this (Figure 3.3). During these reactions, the polymer breaks into two components: one part gains a hydrogen atom (H+) and the other gains a hydroxyl molecule (OH–) from a split water molecule.  \nFigure 3.3 In the hydrolysis reaction here, the disaccharide maltose breaks down to form two glucose monomers by adding a water molecule. Note that this reaction is the reverse of the synthesis reaction in Figure 3.2.  \nDehydration and hydrolysis reactions are catalyzed, or “sped up,” by specific enzymes; dehydration reactions involve the formation of new bonds, requiring energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy. These reactions are similar for most macromolecules, but each monomer and polymer reaction is specific for its class. For example, catalytic enzymes in the digestive system hydrolyze or breakdown the food we ingest into smaller molecules. This allows cells in our body to easily absorb nutrients in the intestine. A specific enzyme breaks down each macromolecule. For instance, amylase, sucrase, lactase, or maltas","cbCaic3Y2Fc1wXPD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaic3Y2Fc1wXPD","pdf",5858574,36,"English","# CHAPTER 3 - Biological Macromolecules\n## 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules\n## 3.2 Carbohydrates","[{\"question\":\"What are biological macromolecules, and what role do they play in living things?\",\"answer\":\"Biological macromolecules are large molecules required for life. They are built from smaller organic monomers and are essential components of cells with many functions.\"},{\"question\":\"How does dehydration synthesis build macromolecules?\",\"answer\":\"Monomers combine using covalent bonds to form polymers while releasing water as a byproduct. The hydrogen from one monomer and the hydroxyl group from another form a water molecule during linkage.\"},{\"question\":\"What is hydrolysis, and how is it related to dehydration synthesis?\",\"answer\":\"Hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers by inserting water across bonds. The process adds a water molecule and splits the polymer into components, making it the reverse of the synthesis reaction.\"}]","Biology - Chapter 3 - Biological Macromolecules | PDF",91]