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Cloacal swabs and liver tissues from healthy and dead birds were analyzed using PCR, Congo red agar, and disc diffusion, revealing high detection, frequent biofilm producers, widespread virulence genes, and substantial multidrug resistance.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/biofilm-formation-virulence-traits-and-antimicrobial-resistance-profiles-of-enterococcus-faecalis-in-layer-parent-stock-in-bangladesh/458827/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/biofilm-formation-virulence-traits-and-antimicrobial-resistance-profiles-of-enterococcus-faecalis-in-layer-parent-stock-in-bangladesh/458827.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Guten 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was reported against ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, and multidrug resistance was common, with MDR rates differing between live and dead birds.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},458827,1790794709,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & 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Microbiology Volume 2026, Article ID 4082070, 11 pages [https://doi.org/10.1155/ijm/4082070](https://doi.org/10.1155/ijm/4082070)  \nResearch Article  \nBiofilm Formation, Virulence Traits, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Enterococcus faecalis in Layer Parent Stock in Bangladesh  \nNirab Chakroborty , 1 Naeem Ahammed Ibrahim Fahim , 1 Md Saiful Islam , 1,2  \nMd. Liton Rana , 1,3,4 Farhana Binte Ferdous , 1 Md. Nowshad Atiq , 1  \nMd. Abdus Sobur , 1 MahfuzAhammed , 1 Sukumar Saha , 1 and Md. Tanvir Rahman 1 1Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh  \n2Department of Animal Science, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, USA  \n3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China  \n4National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China  \nCorrespondence should be addressed to Md. Tanvir Rahman; [tanvirahman@bau.edu.bd](tanvirahman@bau.edu.bd)  \nReceived 10 September 2025; Revised 15 November 2025; Accepted 4 December 2025  \nAcademic Editor: Todd R. Callaway  \nCopyright © 2026 Nirab Chakroborty et al. International Journal of Microbiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nEnterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen of growing concern in both human and veterinary medicine due to its virulence traits, biofilm-forming ability, and resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study was aimed at investigating the occurrence, virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of E. faecalis in layer parent stock birds in Bangladesh. Samples (n =80) were collected from healthy (cloacal swabs, n =60) and dead (liver tissues, n =20) birds. PCR was used for E. faecalis confirmation and detection of virulence genes. Biofilm formation was assessed using Congo red agar, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion. E. faecalis was detected in 76.3% of samples, with higher detection in live birds (80%) than in dead birds (65%) . Biofilm production was found in 75.4% of isolates, with a higher rate in dead birds (84.6%) than live birds (72.9%) . Strong and intermediate biofilm-forming capacities were more prevalent in isolates from dead birds. All eight tested virulence genes were commonly distributed, particularly pil (95.8%), ace (93.4%), and agg (91.8%), with no significant differences between live and dead bird isolates. High resistance was observed against ampicillin (93.4%), ciprofloxacin (80.3%), erythromycin (78.7%), and tetracycline (72.1%) . Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 79.2% of isolates from live birds and 69.2% from dead birds, with multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranging from 0.27 to 0.72. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh determining MDR and virulence determinants in E. faecalis isolates from layer parent stock. These findings highlight E. faecalis as a prevalent, multidrug-resistant, and virulent bacterium in breeder flocks, emphasizing the need for routine AMR monitoring in parent stock farms.  \nKeywords: antimicrobial resistance; Bangladesh; biofilm formation; Enterococcus faecalis; layer parent stock; multidrug resistance; virulence genes  \n1. Introduction  \nEnterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium that constitutes a natural component of the gastrointestinal flora of humans and animals [1] . Although  \ntypically commensal, E. faecalis can become opportunistic, causing a broad spectrum of infections, including urinary tract infections, endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections, and bacteremia, particularly in healthcare settings [2, 3] . I","cbCaipzYbVG5nasP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipzYbVG5nasP","pdf",1349977,11,"English","# Introduction\n# Methods\n# Results\n## Occurrence and biofilm formation\n## Virulence genes distribution\n## Antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What is the study's main objective regarding Enterococcus faecalis?\",\"answer\":\"To investigate the occurrence of E. faecalis in layer parent stock birds in Bangladesh, and to characterize its virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance profiles.\"},{\"question\":\"How were E. faecalis and virulence genes detected?\",\"answer\":\"E. faecalis was confirmed using PCR, and virulence genes were detected via PCR as well.\"},{\"question\":\"Which antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance patterns were observed?\",\"answer\":\"High resistance was reported against ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, and multidrug resistance was common, with MDR rates differing between live and dead birds.\"}]","Biofilm Formation, Virulence Traits, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Enterococcus faecalis in Layer Parent Stock in Bangladesh | PDF",1790754541,28]