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Effects on the bio-composition and microstructure of the knee’s collateral ligaments remain insufficiently characterized. Using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging and quantitative polarized light microscopy (qPLM), this study assessed collateral ligament alterations after unilateral ACL transection in rabbits at 8 weeks, compared with contralateral and healthy controls.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/bio-compositional-and-microstructural-changes-in-rabbit-knee-collateral-ligaments-eight-weeks-after-anterior-cruciate-ligament-transection/438958/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/bio-compositional-and-microstructural-changes-in-rabbit-knee-collateral-ligaments-eight-weeks-after-anterior-cruciate-ligament-transection/438958.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Levi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What was the study goal regarding ACL injury and collateral ligaments?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"To determine how ACL injury affects the bio-composition and microstructural properties of knee collateral ligaments.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How were the collateral ligaments analyzed in this study?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging estimated relative collagen and proteoglycan contents, while quantitative polarized light microscopy (qPLM) assessed collagen fiber organization.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What microstructural and compositional changes were observed after ACL transection?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"ACL-transected collateral ligaments showed lower collagen and higher proteoglycan content, along with a more disorganized collagen fiber matrix, increased crimp angles, and longer crimp lengths.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},438958,1790719047,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},7971461740909,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Journal of Orthopaedic Research®  \nRESEARCH ARTICLE   \nBio‐Compositional and Microstructural Changes in Rabbit Knee Collateral Ligaments Eight Weeks After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection  \nAnahita Gheisari1  | Ville‐Pauli Karjalainen1  | Lassi Rieppo2 | Sami Kauppinen1 | Andrew Sawatsky3 | Rami K. Korhonen4 | Walter Herzog3 | Simo Saarakkalaa1,5,6  | Mikko A.J. Finnilä1,5 | Shuvashis Das Gupta1,7  \n1Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland | 2Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland | 3Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada | 4Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland | 5Biocentre, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland | 6Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu,  \nFinland | 7Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden  \nCorrespondence: Anahita Gheisari ([anahita.gheisari@oulu.fi](anahita.gheisari@oulu.fi))  \nReceived: 13 June 2025 | Revised: 8 December 2025 | Accepted: 18 December 2025  \nFunding: Research Council of Finland, Grant/Award Numbers: 268378, 303786, 324529, 347445, 353755; Suomen Kulttuurirahasto, Grant/Award Numbers: 00220238, 00240109; The Arthritis Society Canada; The Canada Research Chairs Program; The NIgg Chair at the University of Calgary; Horizon 2020 MIRACLE project, Grant/Award Numbers: H2020‐ICT‐2017‐1, grant agreement 780598; The Killam programme through National Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research  \nKeywords: ACL injury | fourier transform infrared spectroscopy | knee joint | ligament | quantitative polarized light microscopy  \nABSTRACT  \nInjury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is common in young, active individuals. It has the potential to lead to post‐traumatic osteoarthritis. However, the effects ofACL injury on the bio‐composition and microstructure of the knee's collateral ligaments have been poorly explored. In this study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging and quantitative polarized light microscopy (qPLM) were used to identify the respective changes in bio‐composition and collagen fiber arrangements of the knee's collateral ligaments. To mimic an ACL trauma, unilateral ACL transection surgery was performed on either the left or right knee of 6 mature New Zealand white rabbits. Lateral and medial collateral ligaments were harvested from the transected and contralateral knees 8 weeks after the ACL transection surgery. At the same time, collateral ligaments of 4 age‐matched, healthy rabbits were collected from the right and left knees. From acquired FTIR images, the relative collagen and proteoglycan contents of the collateral ligaments were estimated and compared between the transected, contralateral, and control knees. The results revealed lower collagen and higher proteoglycan content in ACL‐transected collateral ligaments compared to collateral ligaments of contralateral and control group knees. Additionally, qPLM revealed a more disorganized collagen fiber matrix, accompanied by increased crimp angles and longer crimp lengths following ACL transection. This study provides novel insight into the bio‐compositional and microstructural alterations of collateral ligaments following ACL injury, highlighting the importance of considering the structure‐function properties of collateral ligaments in treatment planning aimed at restoring normal knee joint function after ACL injury.  \n1 | Introduction  \nAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is among the most common knee joint traumas, with an incidence rate ranging from 30 to 78 per 100,000 individuals annually, and a higher  \nrate of injury is observed in female compared to male athletes [1, 2]. ACL injury increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis in the injured knee [3–5] . Studies have reported a 3%–34% risk of re‐injury in the ipsilateral knee, as well as a two‐ to threefold  \nThis is an open acces","cbCaiijiA8TMPujo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiijiA8TMPujo","pdf",3036585,13,"English","# Introduction\n## ACL injury epidemiology and osteoarthritis risk\n## Role of collateral ligaments in knee stability\n## Prior biomechanical findings after ACL transection\n## Ligament structure and extracellular matrix basics","[{\"question\":\"What was the study goal regarding ACL injury and collateral ligaments?\",\"answer\":\"To determine how ACL injury affects the bio-composition and microstructural properties of knee collateral ligaments.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the collateral ligaments analyzed in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging estimated relative collagen and proteoglycan contents, while quantitative polarized light microscopy (qPLM) assessed collagen fiber organization.\"},{\"question\":\"What microstructural and compositional changes were observed after ACL transection?\",\"answer\":\"ACL-transected collateral ligaments showed lower collagen and higher proteoglycan content, along with a more disorganized collagen fiber matrix, increased crimp angles, and longer crimp lengths.\"}]","Bio-Compositional and Microstructural Changes in Rabbit Knee Collateral Ligaments Eight Weeks After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection | PDF",1790687004,33]