[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-270950-105":59,"doc-detail-270950-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","beyond-sense-of-belonging-student-success-stories-presentation","Beyond Sense of Belonging - Student Success Stories Presentation","","This presentation examines how “sense of belonging” relates to student success, retention, and well-being, using the JMU 6-item Perceived Cohesion Scale (Bollen & Hoyle, 1990) as a historical benchmark. It compares three measurement approaches by combining Likert-scale PCS responses with an open-ended belonging question, analyzing sentiment via R sentiment dictionaries in R, and adding manual coding. Results evaluate sentiment–PCS correlations and differences across negative, neutral, and positive categories using plots and post-hoc testing.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/beyond-sense-of-belonging-student-success-stories-presentation/270950/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/beyond-sense-of-belonging-student-success-stories-presentation/270950.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sage","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the Perceived Cohesion Scale and why is it used here?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study uses the 6-item Perceived Cohesion Scale (Bollen & Hoyle, 1990) as a historical measure of sense of belonging at JMU and as the main quantitative basis for comparison with other methods.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How are sentiment scores derived from the open-ended responses?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Sentiment is assessed with R’s analyzeSentiment() function using established sentiment dictionaries and algorithms, producing scores from -1 (most negative) to 1 (most positive). Scores are then categorized into Negative, Neutral, or Positive.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What do the results indicate about the relationship between sentiment and PCS?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The reported correlation between sentiment and PCS is weak (about 0.17). Even so, PCS mean values differ by sentiment category, and the presentation evaluates these differences using post-hoc comparisons across negative, neutral, and positive groups.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},270950,1789458740,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687197207057,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Beyond Sense of Belonging  \nStudent Success Stories Presentation  \nSarah Blackstone, PAIR  \nJune 24, 2025  \nBackground  \nSense of Belonging is an important predictor of student success, retention and well-being. Historically, Sense of Belonging at JMU has been measured using the 6-item Bollen and Hoyle (1990) Perceived Cohesion Scale.  \n1. I feel a sense of belonging to JMU  \n2. I am happy to be at JMU  \n3. I see myself as a part of the JMU community  \n4. I am enthusiastic about JMU  \n5. JMU is one of the best schools in the nation  \n6. I feel that I am a member of the JMU community  \nBenefits  \n• SHORT!  \n• Good psychometric properties  \nDrawbacks  \n• Limited variability in responses-concerns whether this is accurately reflecting sense of belonging  \n• Limited utility for programming  \nObjectives  \nThe objective of this study was to compare three different methods of measuring sense of belonging to elucidate gaps in current practices and inform changes to sense of belonging data collection in the future.  \nMethods  \nStudents were recruited to take a survey through the SCOM Research Pool in April-May 2025. Students responded to the six items measured on Likert-scale Perceived Cohesion Scale (Bollen & Hoyle, 1990) . Scores on the Perceived Cohesion Scale could range from 6 to 54.  \nStudents also responded to an open ended question: Overall, do you feel like you belong at JMU? Please explain why or why not?  \n743 students started the survey; of those responses, 637 were used for analysis (85 .7%) . Responses were removed if the person did not complete the survey or did not provide an actual response to the open-ended question of interest (e.g., wrote “asdf”,“xxxx”), or did not provide an explanation (e.g., just wrote “yes” or “no”) .  \nAnalysis  \nSentiment analysis of open-ended questions  \nWe used the analyzeSentiment() function from the SentimentAnalysis package in R to assess the emotional tone of textual data. This function evaluates the sentiment of each text entry by referencing established sentiment dictionaries and algorithms, assigning scores that indicate whether the content expresses a positive, negative, or neutral sentiment. Scores range from-1 (most negative) to 1 (most positive), with 0 indicating neutral responses. These scores were then used to quantify and compare sentiment trends across the dataset. A categorical variable was created from the sentiment value with values less than 0 assigned as Negative, 0 assigned to Neutral and values greater than 0 assigned to Positive.  \nManual coding of open-ended question  \nResponses were categorized as positive, neutral or negative after reading through them. The neutral category included responses that were ambivalent or that did not have a clear sentiment.  \nSentiment and Perceived Cohesion Comparison  \nSentiment scores were compared to scaled Perceived Cohesion Scale scores (-1 to 1 range) through correlations and examining score distribution using density plots. Categories (negative, neutral and positive) were created from the scaled PCS scores using the same methodology as sentiment categorization.  \nSentiment and Manual Coding Comparison Sense of belonging categorization was compared between PCS categories, sentiment categories and manually coded categories.  \nResults  \nCorrelations Between Sentiment and PCS  \nCorrelation between Sentiment and PCS  \nNumeric Sentiment Value PCS Total  \nNumeric Sentiment Value PCS Total  \n1.00 0.17  \n0.17 1.00  \nThere is a weak correlation between student responses on the Perceived Cohesion Scale and the numeric sentiment value assigned to their free response.  \nSentiment scores range from-1 to 1 with higher scores indicating more positive sentiment. The Perceived Cohesion Scale data were scaled to be the same range of values as sentimental values (-1 to 1) . The most negative PCS value was assigned a scaled value of-1, while the most positive PCS value was assigned a scaled value of 1. This allows us to directly compare the distribu","cbCaisr2NShYN8Bv","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisr2NShYN8Bv","pdf",348783,11,"English","# Background\n## Benefits and Drawbacks\n## Objectives\n# Methods\n## Survey Design and Sample\n## Sentiment Analysis\n## Manual Coding\n## Comparisons\n# Results\n## Correlations Between Sentiment and PCS\n## Sentiment Category and PCS\n## Comparing Categorical Methods","[{\"question\":\"What is the Perceived Cohesion Scale and why is it used here?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses the 6-item Perceived Cohesion Scale (Bollen \\u0026 Hoyle, 1990) as a historical measure of sense of belonging at JMU and as the main quantitative basis for comparison with other methods.\"},{\"question\":\"How are sentiment scores derived from the open-ended responses?\",\"answer\":\"Sentiment is assessed with R’s analyzeSentiment() function using established sentiment dictionaries and algorithms, producing scores from -1 (most negative) to 1 (most positive). Scores are then categorized into Negative, Neutral, or Positive.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results indicate about the relationship between sentiment and PCS?\",\"answer\":\"The reported correlation between sentiment and PCS is weak (about 0.17). Even so, PCS mean values differ by sentiment category, and the presentation evaluates these differences using post-hoc comparisons across negative, neutral, and positive groups.\"}]","Beyond Sense of Belonging - Student Success Stories Presentation | PDF",28]