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This prospective, single-center observational study assessed biochemical markers and body composition in 66 patients during hospitalization from December 2020 to June 2021. Nutritional deterioration was defined as weight loss >3% between admission and discharge, assessed alongside changes in adipose and lean tissue mass. Standard malnutrition biochemical markers were absent, suggesting an atypical presentation that may limit conventional assessment tools.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/beyond-biochemical-markers-characterizing-malnutrition-in-covid-19/467429/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/beyond-biochemical-markers-characterizing-malnutrition-in-covid-19/467429.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"jay","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How did the study define deterioration of nutritional status in hospitalized COVID-19 patients?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Deterioration was defined as weight loss of more than 3% during hospitalization between admission and discharge.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What patient-level factors were associated with nutritional status deterioration?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Deterioration was more likely in men and in patients with longer hospitalization time.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which biochemical and body-composition findings characterized nutritional deterioration?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Weight loss was mainly associated with reduced adipose tissue mass, while lean tissue mass did not change significantly; traditional biochemical malnutrition markers such as albumin, prealbumin, or cholesterol were not present.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},467429,1790816010,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":105,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},3985747858866,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Article  \nBeyond Biochemical Markers: Characterizing Malnutrition in COVID-19  \nKatarzyna Plewka-Barcik 1, *, Maria Róa ´nska-Trzepla 2, Krzysztof Kłos 1, Marta Krawczyk 3,4, Andrzej Chciałowski 1, Stanisław Niemczyk 2 and Anna Matyjek 2,5  \nAcademic Editor: Leonardo Palombi  \nReceived: 17 October 2025  \nRevised: 20 December 2025  \nAccepted: 23 December 2025  \nPublished: 26 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; [kklos@wim.mil.pl](kklos@wim.mil.pl) (K.K.); [achcialowski@wim.mil.pl](achcialowski@wim.mil.pl) (A.C.)  \n2 Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Dialysis Therapy, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; [mrozanska@wim.mil.pl](mrozanska@wim.mil.pl) (M.R.-T.); [sniemczyk@wim.mil.pl](sniemczyk@wim.mil.pl) (S.N.); [amatyjek@wim.mil.pl](amatyjek@wim.mil.pl) (A.M.)  \n3 Department of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; [mkrawczyk@imdik.pan.pl](mkrawczyk@imdik.pan.pl)  \n4 Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland  \n5 Clinical Trials Support Unit, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland  \n* Correspondence: [kplewka@wim.mil.pl](kplewka@wim.mil.pl); Tel.: +48-26-181-75-19  \nAbstract  \nBackground/Objective: Malnutrition is common in hospitalized patients and worsens clinical outcomes, particularly in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in which inflammation and metabolic disruption contribute to nutritional decline. Thus, identifying simple and accessible markers is essential for early detection and intervention to prevent further deterioration. This study aimed to investigate biochemical and body composition changes during COVID-19 hospitalization and identify key features of hospital-acquired nutritional status disorders. Methods: We conducted a prospective, single-center, observational study of 66 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 between December 2020 and June 2021 . Biochemical markers and body composition parameters were measured at admission and at discharge. Deterioration of nutritional status was defined as a weight loss of more than 3% during hospitalization. Results: A total of 66 patients (61% male, aged 56.7 ± 13.4 years; 39% female, aged 58.8 ± 12.0 years) were included. Deterioration of nutritional status was observed in 20 (30%) individuals, more likely in men (OR 7.94, 95% CI: 1.28–49.08) and patients with longer hospitalization (OR 1.30 per day, 95% CI: 1.08–1.57) . Weight loss was primarily characterized by a reduction in adipose tissue mass, whereas lean tissue mass did not change significantly. Traditional biochemical markers of malnutrition, including low albumin, prealbumin, or cholesterol levels, were not present in this cohort. Conclusions: Our study highlights the significant burden of nutritional deterioration in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and demonstrates its atypical presentation, which may limit the effectiveness of standard malnutrition assessment tools.  \nKeywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; malnutrition; body composition  \n1. Introduction  \nMalnutrition among hospitalized patients is a significant concern and has been associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes, including longer hospital stays, higher complication rates, and increased mortality [1,2] . During the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)  \npandemic, nutritional disturbances emerged as an important yet often underestimated determinant of prognosis, affecting both hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients [3] .  \nBeyond respiratory involvement, severe","cbCaioyQ9cO2w0Qj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioyQ9cO2w0Qj","pdf",396275,"English","# Abstract\n## Background/Objective\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction\n## Malnutrition in hospitalized patients\n## Systemic effects of SARS-CoV-2\n## Nutritional deterioration drivers in COVID-19\n## ESPEN diagnostic framework","[{\"question\":\"How did the study define deterioration of nutritional status in hospitalized COVID-19 patients?\",\"answer\":\"Deterioration was defined as weight loss of more than 3% during hospitalization between admission and discharge.\"},{\"question\":\"What patient-level factors were associated with nutritional status deterioration?\",\"answer\":\"Deterioration was more likely in men and in patients with longer hospitalization time.\"},{\"question\":\"Which biochemical and body-composition findings characterized nutritional deterioration?\",\"answer\":\"Weight loss was mainly associated with reduced adipose tissue mass, while lean tissue mass did not change significantly; traditional biochemical malnutrition markers such as albumin, prealbumin, or cholesterol were not present.\"}]","Beyond Biochemical Markers - Characterizing Malnutrition in COVID-19 | PDF",1790772852,28]