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This review addresses a mechanistic gap behind this duality and integrates multi-omics (transcriptomics and proteomics) with clinical and mechanistic research to clarify cross-cancer heterogeneity. 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Dong2  Fuchu He2  Zhiwen Gu3,4  Aihua Sun2  \n1 College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China  \n2 State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics-Driven Cancer Precision Medicine (Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China  \n3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China  \n4 Core Unit of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China  \nCorrespondence  \nZhiwen Gu, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Core Unit of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China. [Email:](Email: zhiwenguu@126.com)[ zhiwenguu@126.com](Email: zhiwenguu@126.com)  \nAihua Sun, State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics-Driven Cancer Precision Medicine (Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.  \nEmail: [sunah620@126.com](sunah620@126.com)  \nGraphical Abstract  \nLysozyme (LYZ) is a multi-functional secreted factor that encompasses both antibacterial and immunomodulatory functions. Emerging evidence highlightsits complex role in tumour progression by directly influencing tumour cells and modulating the immune microenvironment. In addition, LYZ is a promising potential biomarker and therapeutic target in some cancers.  \nClin. Transl. Med. 2026;16:e70575 .  \n[https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.70575](https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.70575)  \n[wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ctm2](wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ctm2)  \nDOI: 10.1002/ctm2.70575  \nREVIEW  \nBeyond bacterial defences: the role oflysozyme in cancer  \nLei Wang1,2  Qian Dong2  Fuchu He2  Zhiwen Gu3,4  Aihua Sun2  \n1 College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China  \n2 State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics-Driven Cancer Precision Medicine (Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China  \n3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China  \n4 Core Unit of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China  \nCorrespondence  \nZhiwen Gu, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Core Unit of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.  \nEmail: [zhiwenguu@126.com](zhiwenguu@126.com)  \nAihua Sun, State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics-Driven Cancer Precision Medicine (Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.  \nEmail: [sunah620@126.com](sunah620@126.com)  \nFunding information  \nNational Key Research and Development Program of China, Grant/Award Number: 2021YFA1301604; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences, Grant/Award Number:  \n2019-I2M-5-063; National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number: 82303197; Peking University Third Hospital Clinical Key Project, Grant/Award Number: BYSYZD2024067  \nAbstract  \nLysozyme (LYZ) is a naturally occurring antimicrobial protein first discovered in the 1920s. As a key component of innate immunity, its antimicrobial effects and immunomodulatory functions in bacterial defence have been extensively characterized. However, emerging evidence since the 1950s has revealed its complex involvement in tumour progress","cbCaitk9D5ktNDtr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitk9D5ktNDtr","pdf",3411632,27,"English","# Introduction\n# Key points\n# Graphical Abstract","[{\"question\":\"What are lysozyme (LYZ)’s primary functions in bacterial defence?\",\"answer\":\"LYZ is a naturally occurring antimicrobial protein that supports innate immunity through antibacterial effects and immunomodulatory functions.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does LYZ show dual roles in cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Evidence across cancer types reports both tumour-suppressive and tumour-promoting effects, reflecting a mechanistic duality that remains incompletely understood.\"},{\"question\":\"How does this review study LYZ in cancer?\",\"answer\":\"It integrates multi-omics data (transcriptomics and proteomics) with clinical and mechanistic research to systematically dissect LYZ’s roles and cross-cancer heterogeneity.\"}]","Beyond bacterial defences - the role of lysozyme in cancer | PDF",1790106329,68]