[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-439752-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-439752-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","bead-arithmetic-how-to-use-the-chinese-abacus","BEAD ARITHMETIC - HOW TO USE THE CHINESE ABACUS","","Bead Arithmetic presents a practical method for reckoning with wooden beads arranged on a Chinese abacus, using it to represent numbers and perform calculations. The text explains foundational principles, including how computation can shift the burden from memory to the frame, and compares bead arithmetic with written arithmetic in speed and efficiency. It also describes historical background, typical merits and limitations, and the broad use of the abacus across everyday business and governance, while noting the wide field of arithmetic operations it can 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ARITHMETIC  \nHOW TO USE THE CHINESE ABACUS  \nhttps://archive.org/details/fundamentalopera0000unse  \nCONTENTS  \nChapter  \nIntroduction.  \nI.General Directions.  \nII.Addition.  \nIII.Subtraction.  \nIV.Multiplication.  \nV.Division.  \nVI.Short Cuts and Review Exercises.  \nVII.Square Root and Cube Root.Appendices.  \nPage  \n1  \n6  \n10  \n14  \n17  \n26  \n39  \n44  \n51  \n# THEFUNDAMENTAL OPERATION IN BEAD ARITHMETIC\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nDefinition of Bead Arithmetic.Bead Arith-metic is a certain method of reckoning,in whichnumbers are represented by wooden beads.Thesebeads are systematically arranged on a frameknown as the Chinese abacus.The term Beadarithmetic is used to distinguish it from the otherform of arithmetic in which written figures areused.It may be called a science of numbers but,since it is used in daily business life,it is moreappropriate to speak of it as an art of reckoning.  \nHistory.The history of this subject is verymeagre.  For reckoning the ancient Chinese usedbamboo tallies or chips;the modern Chinese usethe abacus.There is no record of who inventedthe frame,nor is the time known at which thisingenious contrivance made_its first appearance.In Dao Nan Tsang's Cease Farming Sketch Book,the terms movable beads frame and sliding beadsframe were casually mentioned.\"(Chinese Cyclo-pedia).As this book was written during the YuanDynasty(which was rulingin the fourteenth century)it is clear that the abacus was in common use morethan six hundred years ago.  \n# BEAD ARITHMETIC\n\nMerits of the Abacus.In solving any pro-blem in arithmetic,however simple it may be,two parts of our mental powers must be used,name!y,the faculties of computation and of memory.We employ them when we add one and two;for inadding we must first retain the number one in ourmind,then we fix our attention upon the othernumber,two,and finally we compute how muchone and two are.With very small numbers'theseare very.simple operations.But as the problemsbecome more complex_we soon reach the limit ofour mental capacity.In dealing with difficult pro-blems we must find some means by which thememory is relieved of the strain of computation.Fortunate are we that some wise men of past gener-ations did find such means for us.We now merelyneed to learn how to use them.  Among suchdevices are the bamboo tallies or counters used inancient times and the Chinese Abacus.  It isnot an automatic machine such as the standardadding machines(in many respects it is superior tosuch machines)but even so it tenders no littleservice to us as a memorizing agent in computation.By using this instrument we can devote our entireattention to accuracy in computing and leave thememory work to the frame.  \nAdvantages and Disadvantages of BeadArithmetic as Compared with Written Arithmetic.Upon comparison,both the Bead and written orPen Arithrmetic,as it is called in China,have theirweak as well as their strong points.In dealingwith intricate problems the Pen Arithmetic is  \nBEAD ARITHMETIC  \nindeed more serviceable,but for most of the dailybusiness transactions,Bead Arithmetic is far bettersuited.Its chief advantage over the pen arithmeticis the economy of time.  It is quite safe to say thatto solve any problem in the fundamental operationsof arithmetic by using the abacus,it takes at mosthalf the time that is needed when the writtennumerals are used.  This is especially true inaddition.For example,if two men were to solvethe same problem in this process,beginning at thesame time but using different methods,the resultwould no doubt be that one could hardly havefinished copying down the numbers in the questionwhen -the other would have obtained the answeralready on the frame.  \nBead Arithmetic,in spite of its superiority,isnot without certain disadvantages.With an un-skilled operator it is liable to error because thebeads are apt to be moved out of place inadvertently.However,this","cbCaivboBFaXQTlu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivboBFaXQTlu","pdf",2839976,68,"English","# Contents\n## Introduction\n## General Directions\n## Addition\n## Subtraction\n## Multiplication\n## Division\n## Short Cuts and Review Exercises\n## Square Root and Cube Root\n## Appendices","[{\"question\":\"What is Bead Arithmetic and what tool does it use?\",\"answer\":\"Bead Arithmetic is a method of reckoning where numbers are represented by wooden beads systematically arranged on a frame known as the Chinese abacus.\"},{\"question\":\"How does Bead Arithmetic compare with written arithmetic?\",\"answer\":\"Bead Arithmetic is especially advantageous for the economy of time, commonly taking at most half the time for fundamental operations compared with written numerals, with particular emphasis on addition.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of arithmetic operations can the Chinese abacus handle?\",\"answer\":\"The abacus can be used not only for addition and subtraction but also for multiplication and division, and even for extracting square and cube roots through related subtraction processes.\"}]","BEAD ARITHMETIC - HOW TO USE THE CHINESE ABACUS | PDF",1790690101]