[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-606655-105":59,"doc-detail-606655-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","battery-terminology-and-operational-definition","Battery Terminology and Operational Definition","","Critically examines how the term “battery” has become widely used across scientific and public contexts, extending beyond electrochemical batteries to disparate systems such as “thermal” and “quantum” batteries. Highlights that increasing terminological breadth can obscure scientific precision and make comparison across disciplines difficult. Proposes an operational definition grounded in fundamental electrochemical principles and applies it to representative energy-storage technologies, discussing implications for communication and terminological consistency.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/battery-terminology-and-operational-definition/606655/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/battery-terminology-and-operational-definition/606655.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Anna Hans","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-16",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the article question the current use of the term “battery”?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It argues that widespread usage of “battery” has led to misunderstandings by applying the term to fundamentally different systems beyond electrochemical batteries.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What operational definition framework does the article propose?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It proposes an operational definition based on fundamental electrochemical principles, centered on oxidation–reduction processes and related mechanisms.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What core criteria must a battery cell satisfy, according to the article?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"A battery cell must meet three structural requirements: separated electrodes by an insulating layer, ionic connectivity via an electrolyte that does not participate in redox, and physical connection through an external circuit enabling redox reactions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},606655,1792495438,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},5909892332657,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","| Comment\u003Cbr>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-026-02296-w](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-026-02296-w) |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| Your battery may not bea battery\u003Cbr>Claire Villevieille, Petr Novák & Hubert H. Girault  Check for updates |  |\n| The widespread use of the term ‘battery’ has caused misunderstandings about what truly defines a battery. In this Comment, we critically examine the terminology and fundamental concepts of batteries to favour reliable interdisciplinary advancement of energy storage technology and research.\u003Cbr>In everyday language, the term ‘battery’ has become deeply embedded in both scientific and public discourse. It is used to describe technologies ranging from portable electronics and electric vehicles to grid-scale energy storage. Beyond its traditional electrochemical meaning, however, the same term is increasingly applied to fundamentally different systems, including technologies referred to as‘thermal batteries’1 and ‘quantum batteries’2.\u003Cbr>Although such terminology may improve accessibility and public recognition, it also raises questions about scientific precision and consistency. Scientific definitions inevitably evolve as knowledge advances, yet they remain essential for establishing a common language through which concepts, mechanismsand performance can be communicated across disciplinesand transferred to future generations of researchers. Asthe diversity of energy storage technologies continues to expand, the increasingly broad use of the term ‘battery’ risksobscuring the fundamental physical principles, operating mechanisms and performance metrics that distinguish electrochemical batteries from other energy storage technologies.\u003Cbr>These observations raise three fundamental questions:\u003Cbr>(1) Should the term ‘battery’ remain a scientifically defined electrochemical concept, or should it evolve into abroader label encompassing fundamentally different energy storage technologies?\u003Cbr>(2) Does the increasingly broad use of the term ‘battery’ hinder clear scientific communication and comparison across disciplines?\u003Cbr>(3) Which fundamental criteria shoulda system satisfy tobe regarded as a ‘battery’?\u003Cbr>In this Comment, we address these questions by proposing an operational definition of a battery based on fundamental electrochemical principles. We then apply this framework to representative energy storage technologies and discuss its implications for scientific communication and terminological consistency.\u003Cbr>Defining a battery\u003Cbr>The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) does not currently provide a formal definition of the term battery in its Gold Book. Instead, it rigorously defines an electrochemical cell (EC) as a“system that consists of at least two electron conductors (electrodes) in contact with ionic conductors (electrolytes)”, while batteries are mentioned only as examples of electrochemical cells rather than being | defined asa separate term3. The IUPAC Materials Chemistry Education website adoptsa practical educational definition of a battery4, illustrating that the concept is widely used despite the absence of an official terminological recommendation.\u003Cbr>The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), through the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV ref. 482-01-04), defines a battery as “one or more (electrochemical) cells fitted with devices necessary for use, for example case, terminals, marking and protective devices”5. Abroader engineering description is provided in Linden’s Handbook of Batteries, which describes a battery asa system in which one or more electrochemical cells are electrically connected to provide the required operating potential and current levels6.\u003Cbr>Although these definitions describe the architecture of a battery, they do not explicitly identify the electrochemical processes that distinguish a battery from other electrochemical energy-conversion or energy-storage devices. By contrast, IUPAC provides rigorous definitionsofthe und","cbCaimiWK5V9EFeZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimiWK5V9EFeZ","pdf",855855,"English","# Defining a battery\n## Electrochemical concepts and terminology\n## Structural requirements for a battery cell","[{\"question\":\"Why does the article question the current use of the term “battery”?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that widespread usage of “battery” has led to misunderstandings by applying the term to fundamentally different systems beyond electrochemical batteries.\"},{\"question\":\"What operational definition framework does the article propose?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes an operational definition based on fundamental electrochemical principles, centered on oxidation–reduction processes and related mechanisms.\"},{\"question\":\"What core criteria must a battery cell satisfy, according to the article?\",\"answer\":\"A battery cell must meet three structural requirements: separated electrodes by an insulating layer, ionic connectivity via an electrolyte that does not participate in redox, and physical connection through an external circuit enabling redox reactions.\"}]","Battery Terminology and Operational Definition | PDF",1792185571,13]