[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-656950-105":59,"doc-detail-656950-en":134},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":127,"head_meta":129,"extra_data":131,"updated_unix":133},105,"en","basic-knowledge-cyclic-processes-cyclic-thermodynamics-basics","BASIC KNOWLEDGE CYCLIC PROCESSES - Cyclic thermodynamics basics","","BASIC KNOWLEDGE CYCLIC PROCESSES explains how cyclic thermodynamic processes convert thermal energy and mechanical energy through repeatedly recurring changes of state. It describes suitable working media, including permanent gases and substances undergoing phase change, and clarifies why phase change increases energy density while requiring smaller temperature differences. The document also presents how cyclic processes are represented in state diagrams (p-v, h-s, log p-h, T-s), summarizes the Carnot process efficiency concept, and outlines the Rankine cycle in a steam power plant with key operating steps.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":30,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/basic-knowledge-cyclic-processes-cyclic-thermodynamics-basics/656950/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/basic-knowledge-cyclic-processes-cyclic-thermodynamics-basics/656950.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Boyslovefans","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-25",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What defines a cyclic thermodynamic process?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"A cyclic process returns the working medium to its original state after undergoing a sequence of state changes, allowing repeated reuse of the medium.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why does phase change typically improve energy conversion in cyclic processes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Phase change converts more energy than simple heating or cooling, resulting in higher energy density and requiring lower temperature differences.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How are cyclic processes classified as driving or driven machines?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"In the T-s diagram, clockwise cycles correspond to a driving machine (heat absorbed at high temperature and released at low temperature), while counter-clockwise cycles correspond to a driven machine (heat absorbed at low temperature and released at high temperature).",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"What determines the maximum efficiency in the Carnot process?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"The maximum efficiency depends only on the absolute maximum and minimum temperatures, Tmax and Tmin, because the Carnot process provides the highest theoretical cyclic efficiency.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},656950,1792971738,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":29,"category_name":30,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":14,"language":143,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":144,"faqs":145,"seo_title":146,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":133,"read_time":24},1374410101428,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","4  POWER PLANTS AND APPLIED CYCLIC PROCESSES  \ngunt  \nBASIC KNOWLEDGE  \nCYCLIC PROCESSES  \nTechnology uses cyclic thermodynamic processes to describe the conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy and vice versa.  \nDuring this process a medium undergoes periodically different changes of state, such as compression and expansion, evaporation and condensation, or heating and cooling over a period of time. In a cyclic process, the medium, after having undergone the different changes of state, goes back to its original state and can thus be reused repeatedly.  \nSuitable media are substances that remain in a permanent gaseous state during the cyclic process, such as air or helium, or substances that change their aggre-  \ngate state during the process (phase change), like water, ammonia, fluorocarbons, or CO2 .  \nWhen a phase change occurs, more energy is converted than during simple heating or cooling. This means that phase change processes involve a higher energy density and require lower differences in temperature.  \nCyclic processes can be used in driving or driven machines. Driving machines convert thermal energy to mechanical energy, such as in steam power plants. Driven machines convert the supplied mechanical energy into thermal energy, like in a compression refrigeration system.  \nREPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC PROCESSES IN STATE DIAGRAMS  \nA cyclic thermodynamic process can be illustrated clearly by what are known as state diagrams. The most commonly used state diagrams are:  \n• p-v diagram: pressure p against specific volume v, suitable for representing mechanical power. It is often used for reciprocating compressors and internal combustion engines with a purely gaseous working medium. Here, cyclic processes can be observed quite well because there is a fixed relationship between volume change and time. The enclosed area is a measure for the mechanical work performed, also known as useful work.  \n• h-s diagram: enthalpy h against entropy s, for representation of steam turbine processes. It is used for watersteam and is well suited as a tool for designing steam turbines.  \n• log p-h diagram: logarithmic representation of the pressure p against the specific enthalpy h, particularly well suited for cooling processes in refrigeration engineering, as heat fluxes can be read from the diagram directly as horizontal lines. For the vertical pressure scale, a logarith-  \nmic division is used, as this is a good way to represent phase limit curves.  \n• T-s diagram: a plot of temperature T against entropy s, used for the representation of the thermodynamic conditions. The direction of the cyclic process indicates the type of system, driving or driven machine. If the cycle goes clockwise, the system is a driving machine, and if it goes counter-clockwise, it is a driven machine. In the clockwise direction, heat is absorbed at a high temperature and released at a low temperature. In the counter-clockwise direction, heat is absorbed at a low temperature and released at a high temperature. If the system is operated in the counter-clockwise direction, it is thus suitable as a heat pump or refrigeration machine. As in the p-v diagram, the enclosed area is a measure of the useful work performed.  \nCounter-clockwise direction: driven machine  \nWt useful work, Q thermal energy, h efficiency, T temperature, p pressure, v specific volume, s entropy, h enthalpy  \nEXAMPLES OF CYCLIC THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES  \nThe following section presents some technically relevant cyclic processes with their diagrams.  \nTHE CARNOT PROCESS  \nIn the T-s diagram, the Carnot process forms a rectangle. The area of the rectangle is a measure of the useful work Wt. The area between the temperature zero and the maximum process temperature is a measure of the required thermal energy Q. This means that the following efficiency results are derived for the Carnot process:  \n Wt Tmax ~~−~~ Tmin  \nη = =  \nQ Tmax  \nThe maximum efficiency of a cyclic thermodynamic process thus only dep","cbCaipWElb1CPNeX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipWElb1CPNeX","pdf",367465,"English","# BASIC KNOWLEDGE CYCLIC PROCESSES\n## Power plants and applied cyclic processes\n## Representation of cyclic processes in state diagrams\n## Examples of cyclic thermodynamic processes\n## The Carnot process\n## Steam power plant (Rankine cycle)","[{\"question\":\"What defines a cyclic thermodynamic process?\",\"answer\":\"A cyclic process returns the working medium to its original state after undergoing a sequence of state changes, allowing repeated reuse of the medium.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does phase change typically improve energy conversion in cyclic processes?\",\"answer\":\"Phase change converts more energy than simple heating or cooling, resulting in higher energy density and requiring lower temperature differences.\"},{\"question\":\"How are cyclic processes classified as driving or driven machines?\",\"answer\":\"In the T-s diagram, clockwise cycles correspond to a driving machine (heat absorbed at high temperature and released at low temperature), while counter-clockwise cycles correspond to a driven machine (heat absorbed at low temperature and released at high temperature).\"},{\"question\":\"What determines the maximum efficiency in the Carnot process?\",\"answer\":\"The maximum efficiency depends only on the absolute maximum and minimum temperatures, Tmax and Tmin, because the Carnot process provides the highest theoretical cyclic efficiency.\"}]","BASIC KNOWLEDGE CYCLIC PROCESSES - Cyclic thermodynamics basics | PDF"]