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This paper identifies the basic clause negator in Sadat Tawaher Sign Language (STSL), which emerged in a single household in an Iranian village about sixty years ago. Although STSL has several manual negators usable as sentential negators, the evidence—distributional frequency, semantic function, negative concord, and negative responses—supports NEGbasic as the basic clause negator. Data come from isolated productions and story-telling elicited from native signers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/basic-clause-negator-in-sadat-tawaher-sign-language/138301/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/basic-clause-negator-in-sadat-tawaher-sign-language/138301.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Riley","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-17","2026-08-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What distinguishes a basic clause negator from other manual negators in sign languages?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"A basic clause negator reverses a clause’s polarity without adding additional semantic content, unlike other negators that may contribute more specialized meanings or functions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the paper determine that NEGbasic is the basic clause negator in STSL?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The conclusion follows from multiple lines of evidence: distributional frequency, semantic function, negative concord patterns, and how signers respond in negative contexts.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What types of data are used to support the identification of the basic clause negator?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study uses both isolated sentence productions and story-telling elicited from native STSL signers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},138301,1787478730,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},1374391975076,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253ca4ec9f6853?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1783305029341752051","2025. Proc Ling Soc Amer 10(1) . 5903. [https://doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v10i1.5903](https://doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v10i1.5903) .  \nBasic clause negator in Sadat Tawaher Sign Language Seyyed Hatam Tamimi Sa’d & Ronnie B. Wilbur *  \nAbstract. Sign languages (SLs) generally have several manual signs to negate sentences, usually with one sign serving as the basic clause negator and with its function being only to reverse the polarity of a clause without adding any additional semantic content. We identify the basic clause negator in Sadat Tawaher Sign Language (STSL) , a SL that emerged in a single household in a small Iranian village around sixty years ago. While STSL has several manual negators, all of which may serve as sentential negators, we argue that one negator, NEGbasic, is the basic clause negator. The data includes both isolated sentence productions and story-telling  \nelicited from native STSL signers. The evidence for NEGbasic comes from  \ndistributional frequency, semantic function, negative concord, and negative  \nresponses.  \nKeywords. Basic clause negator, manual negator, negation, sign language, spoken language  \n1. NEGATION. Negation is the opposite of affirmation. It is one of the unique features of human language that has received considerable attention in the scholarly literature. All languages studied thus far possess one or more strategies to negate a sentence, i.e., to reverse the truth condition of the sentence (Zeijlstra, 2013) . Spoken languages use a variety of strategies to express negation. Numerous attempts have been made to analyze the negation systems of the world’s languages from a typological perspective, e.g., Klima (1964), Dahl (1979, 2010), Payne (1985), Zanuttini (2001), and Miestamo (2005), among others. For instance, Payne (1985), in a crosslinguistic overview of negative elements, mentions four major classes of elements through which sentential negation is realized in the languages of the world: negative verbs, finite auxiliaries, negative particles, and negative markers in the form of derivational morphemes.  \nStandard negation has been defined as ‘the basic way(s) a language has for negating declarative verbal main clauses’ (Miestamo, 2005, p. 1) . In typological research, main declarative sentences are used to determine the basic (or canonical) word order of a language (Munro, 2013) . For such sentences to be used in typological research, they also need to be pragmatically neutral and have a human / agent subject, an action verb, and a noun phrase object (Frey, 2015) . As for the basic clause negator, we adopt Zeshan’s (2006a) definition: “a particle that simply reverses the polarity of the clause, without any additional semantic content”(p. 47) . In our current search for this negator, we extend the definition of basic clausal negation to further types of main, active, non-embedded (simple) declarative clauses so that it includes transitive, intransitive, and ditransitive, verbal and non-verbal (= copular) sentences, with agentive or non-agentive subjects and with noun phrase as well as pronominal objects. Thus, our definition is broad and applies to such sentences as those involving weather predicates, reversible and non-reversible predicates, as well as pragmatically marked sentences, e.g., those involving topicalized elements. Nonsentential negation (e.g., constituent negation) was excluded from the study.  \n* We are indebted to the audience at the annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America (LSA) 2025 for their valuable feedback and comments.  \nAuthors: Seyyed Hatam Tamimi Sa’d, Indo-American Center ([shtamimi90@gmail.com](shtamimi90@gmail.com)) & Ronnie B. Wilbur, Purdue University ([wilbur@purdue.edu](wilbur@purdue.edu) ).  \n© 2025 Author(s) . Published by the LSA with permission of the author(s) under a CC BY license.  \n2.1 NEGATION IN SIGN LANGUAGE. Sign languages (SLs) use manual signs and non-manual markers (NMMs) to negate sentences (Quer, 2012) . Manual signs indicate ne","cbCaiuYCEsLqU1dl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuYCEsLqU1dl","pdf",844667,14,"English","# Negation\n## Negation in sign language\n## Basic clause negator","[{\"question\":\"What distinguishes a basic clause negator from other manual negators in sign languages?\",\"answer\":\"A basic clause negator reverses a clause’s polarity without adding additional semantic content, unlike other negators that may contribute more specialized meanings or functions.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper determine that NEGbasic is the basic clause negator in STSL?\",\"answer\":\"The conclusion follows from multiple lines of evidence: distributional frequency, semantic function, negative concord patterns, and how signers respond in negative contexts.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of data are used to support the identification of the basic clause negator?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses both isolated sentence productions and story-telling elicited from native STSL signers.\"}]","Basic clause negator in Sadat Tawaher Sign Language | PDF",35]