[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-201235-en":3,"doc-seo-201235-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":96},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},201235,549768702563,"Fahsai","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083",4,"Exam","Bar Exam Passing Rates Among Racial and Ethnic Groups - Overview","The article analyzes how bar exam passing rates differ across racial and ethnic groups, comparing first-timer and eventual outcomes. It reviews multiple studies to quantify disparity sizes and evaluates drivers such as exam content, question formats, reader background, applicants’ general academic ability, and law school grades. It argues that law school grades account for nearly all observed group differences. It also explains how disparity size varies by population scope, state standards, and score reliability, supported by reported table data.","# THE SIZE AND SoURCE OF\n\nDIFFERENCES IN BAR EXAM PASSINGRATES AMONGRACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS  \nby Stepben P.Klein,Pb.D.and Roger Bolus,Ph.D.  \n# OVERVIEW\n\nNon-Hispanic whites(hereinafter referred to as\"Whites\")are generally more likely to pass the bar examthan their law school classmates.In this article,we dis-cuss the size of the differences in passing rates among ra-cial/ethnic groups and summarize the findings of studiesthat have examined why some groups do better on theexam than others.These studies have investigatedwhether the differences in passingrates among groups arerelated to severalfactors,including:the types ofessay andmultiple-choice questions that are asked,the subjectmatter areas coveredby the exam,the racial/ethnicback-ground of the readers who grade essay answers,the gen-eral academic ability of the applicants taking the exam,and their law schoolgrades.As we discuss below,this lastfactor explains virtually all the differences in bar exampassing rates among groups(for previous reviews of thistopic,see Klein,198o,I99I,and 1993;and Klein&Bolus,1987).  \n## How LARGE ARE THE DIFFERENCES?\n\nThe size of the difference in bar passage rates betweenWhites and minority applicants depends on several fac-tors.These factors include:(1)which racial/ethnicgroups are studied,(2)whether initial (first-timer)oreventual passing rates are examined,(3)the relative strin-gency of the state's pass/fail standard,and(4)the reli-ability of the state's pass/fail decisions.All these factors  \nmake a difference.For example,African-Americans(hereinafter referred to as“Blacks”)are less likely to passon their first attempt than Hispanics who in turn are lesslikely than Asians,but the latter two groups have nearlyidentical eventual passing rates.In general,first-timerpassing rates tend to show wider gaps amonggroups thaneventual rates.States that have relatively high passingrates tend to have smaller differences among groups thanother states (because all groups have high rates whenstandards are low).In addition,the more reliable theexam scores,the larger the gap(if bar exam scores weredue entirely to chance,then the passing rate would be thesame in all groups).The remainder of this section pres-ents data regarding the size of the disparities in passingrates among groups that have been reported by variousstudies.  \nAll the studies that we know about report large dis-parities in passing rates among groups(see Table 1).Onaverage,the passing rate for White first-timers is about 30percentage points higher than the rate for Blacks.Therates for Asians and Hispanics generally fall in betweenthose for Whites and Blacks.A study by Millman,Me-hrens,and Sackett(1993)of all takers(first-timers plusrepeaters)on the July 1992 New York exam found thatthe rate for Whites was more than double the rate forBlacks.  \n\"Eventual\"passing rates refer to the percentage ofapplicants in a group who ultimately pass;ie.,regardlessof how often they take the exam.These rates usually  \nshow smaller differencesamong groups than first-timer rates.There are twobasic ways to measure even-tual rates.The cross-sectional or“pipeline”method involves computingthe total number of appli-cants in a group who passover several years (regard-less of how many attemptsthey made)and then divid-ing this sum by the numberof first-timers in that groupwho took the exam duringthis same period of time.This procedure works wellprovided there are no majorfluctuations across years ineither the number of appli-cants per group or inpass/failstandards(both ofthese requirements are rea-sonably well satisfied in theCalifornia data).  \nThe longitudinal methodfor measuring eventualpassing rates involves fol-lowing a specific cohort offirst-timers(such as thosewho took the July 1991exam)over several subse-quent administrations todetermine how many of thedeterminehowmany of the  \nfirst-timers in the initial cohofirst-timers in the initial cohort ultimately passed.Previ-ous research(Klein,1987)suggests that over ","cbCaibLqOgcoiy9j","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibLqOgcoiy9j","pdf",1540228,1,9,"English","en",105,"# Overview\n## How LARGE ARE THE DIFFERENCES?\n# Table 1 PASSING RATES BY GROUP IN VARIOUs STUDIES\n# Table 2 EVENTUAL PASSING RATES CoMPUTED In Two WAYS","[{\"question\":\"What question does the article investigate about bar exam performance?\",\"answer\":\"It examines the size and source of differences in bar exam passing rates among racial and ethnic groups, distinguishing between first-timer and eventual passing outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors do the studies consider when explaining why some groups do better?\",\"answer\":\"The reviewed studies consider essay and multiple-choice question types, subject areas, reader grading background, applicants’ general academic ability, and law school grades.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the differences vary between first-timer and eventual passing rates?\",\"answer\":\"First-timer passing rates tend to show wider gaps among groups than eventual passing rates, and more reliable scoring is associated with larger observed gaps.\"}]","Bar Exam Passing Rates Among Racial and Ethnic Groups - Overview | 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question does the article investigate about bar exam performance?","Question",{"text":80,"@type":81},"It examines the size and source of differences in bar exam passing rates among racial and ethnic groups, distinguishing between first-timer and eventual passing outcomes.","Answer",{"name":83,"@type":78,"acceptedAnswer":84},"Which factors do the studies consider when explaining why some groups do better?",{"text":85,"@type":81},"The reviewed studies consider essay and multiple-choice question types, subject areas, reader grading background, applicants’ general academic ability, and law school grades.",{"name":87,"@type":78,"acceptedAnswer":88},"How do the differences vary between first-timer and eventual passing rates?",{"text":89,"@type":81},"First-timer passing rates tend to show wider gaps among groups than eventual passing rates, and more reliable scoring is associated with larger observed 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