[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-129370-en":3,"doc-seo-129370-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},129370,962084925502,"Lucas Martin","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8",2,"Literature","Babylon: The Biography of Metropolis - Pronunciation Guide","A pronunciation guide explains how to render key Akkadian sounds for English readers, highlighting conventions used by scholars when transcribing foreign phonemes. It specifies two critical letterings—Ḫ/ḫ and Š/š—and gives their expected English approximations. The guide also clarifies the book’s dating conventions, noting the near-exclusive use of the pre-Common Era timespan and the selective use of BCE and CE for accuracy and readability.","[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nDescription 1  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nTo my Ancient History and Religion colleagues ILLEGITIMI NON CARBORVNDVM  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nIllustrations  \nMaps and City Plans  \n1. The Ancient Near East, c. 1500–1300 BCE.  \n2. Babylonian Map of the World c. 600.  \n3. Babylonia at the time of Hammurabi, 1792–50 BCE.  \n4. Babylonia at the time of the Kassites, c. 1400 BCE.  \n5. The Neo-Babylonian Empire, 625–539 BCE.  \n6. Plan of Babylon: the Outer City and the Inner City at the time of Nebuchadnezzar II, 605–562 BCE.  \nLine Drawings  \n1. An enemy archer is executed by a victorious soldier.  \n2. Hammurabi stands in front of the god Šamaš; detail from the tall black basalt stele of Hammurabi’s laws.  \n3. A man and woman have sex on a narrow bed.  \n4. Lamaštu, the baby-killing demoness.  \n5. Pazuzu – the Babylonian cure for headaches.  \n6. Fertility figurine, probably representing the goddess Ištar.  \n7. This image of Marduk probably depicts his cult statue.  \n8. Amenhotep III, the pharaoh of much of the Amarna letters, and his esteemed mother, Mutemwiya.  \n9. A schematic tomb image of an Egyptian harem, the place where Babylonian women tended to go missing.  \n10. An Assyrian noblewoman, the type married to Babylonian kings.  \n11. An (unnamed) Assyrian king and crown prince – a fearsome combination.  \n12. Humiliation of Elamite prisoners ofwar by Assyrian soldiers.  \n13. Lion figure made from glazed bricks.  \n14. Black basalt stele, about 50 centimetres (20 inches) tall, showing the great ziggurat of Marduk and its ground plan. Nebuchadnezzar II stands watch.  \nPlates  \n1. The Babylonian temple of Ištar – as envisaged by Hollywood. A still from D. W. Griffith’s epic silent movie Intolerance (1916 CE) . Wikimedia commons free images.  \n2. Cuneiform tablet – a Babylonian grammatical text, late first millennium BCE. Metropolitan Museum of Art 86.11.61. Open Access.  \n3. The Tower of Babel by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, c. 1563. Wikimedia commons free images.  \n4. The ziggurat of Dur-Kurigalzu, 1308 BCE. Only the mudbrick core is original; the staircases are modern reconstructions. Wikimedia commons free images.  \n5. Votive plaque depicting Gilgameš, the king-hero from the city of Uruk, killing the ‘Bull of Heaven’ Wikimedia commons free images.  \n6. A coloured reconstruction of ‘The Queen of the Night’ plaque (the Burney Relief), a representation of (probably ) the death goddess Ereškigal. Wikimedia commons free images.  \n7. Black basalt stele engraved with the Laws of Hammurabi, c. 1760–50 BCE. Wikimedia commons free images.  \n8. Terracotta head of a Babylonian man, c. late eighth to early seventh century BCE. Metropolitan Museum of Art 1979.398. Open Access.  \n9. Moulded plaque depicting a man and woman, c. 2000–1600 BCE. Metropolitan Museum of Art 48.104.1. Open Access.  \n10. Meli-Shipak II on a kudurru boundary stone presenting his daughter Ḫunnubat-Nanaya to the goddess Nanaya, c. 1186–1172 BCE. Wikimedia commons free images.  \n11. Detail from the Tablet of Šamaš (also known as the Sun God Tablet or the Nabuapaliddina Tablet) from the city of Sippar; reign of Nabû-apla-iddina c. 888–855 BCE. Wikimedia commons free images.  \n12. Cuneiform cylinder inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II describing the construction of the outer city wall of Babylon, c. 604–562 BCE. Metropolitan Museum of Art 86.11.60. Open Access.  \n13. 3D digital reconstruction of the great Ištar Gate at Babylon. Wikimedia commons free images.  \n14. Digital reconstruction of Babylon during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II. Wikimedia commons free images.  \n15. The Whore of Babylon wearing the papal tiara. Protestant Lutheran Bible printed in Germany, 1520 CE. Wikimedia commons free images.  \n16. Determined to establish a link between his rule and that of the ancient Babylonians, in the 1980s Saddam Hussein presented himself as a second law-giving Hammurabi in the visual propaganda of his regime. © Government of Iran  \n[Ocean","cbCaihwpzwsUrMlW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihwpzwsUrMlW","pdf",34515553,4,1,556,"English","en",105,"# Pronunciation Guide\n## Akkadian sound transcription conventions\n## Pronunciation rules (Ḫ/ḫ, Š/š)\n## Dating conventions (BCE/CE)","[{\"question\":\"What pronunciation does Ḫ or ḫ represent for English readers?\",\"answer\":\"Ḫ or ḫ is pronounced like “ch” as in the Scots word “loch.”\"},{\"question\":\"How should Š or š be pronounced?\",\"answer\":\"Š or š is pronounced like “sh.”\"},{\"question\":\"Does the book use BCE and CE dates throughout?\",\"answer\":\"The timespan covered is almost entirely before our era, so BCE is avoided unless necessary; CE is used for years in our era, except when the context makes this obvious.\"}]","Babylon: The Biography of Metropolis - Pronunciation Guide | PDF",1786105532,856,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":29},"babylon-the-biography-of-metropolis-pronunciation-guide","",{"@graph":37,"@context":85},[38,53,68],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,48,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/babylon-the-biography-of-metropolis-pronunciation-guide/129370/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":42,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-04","2026-08-07",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What pronunciation does Ḫ or ḫ represent for English readers?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Ḫ or ḫ is pronounced like “ch” as in the Scots word “loch.”","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How should Š or š be pronounced?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Š or š is pronounced like “sh.”",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Does the book use BCE and CE dates throughout?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The timespan covered is almost entirely before our era, so BCE is avoided unless necessary; CE is used for years in our era, except when the context makes this obvious.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,100,104,109,114,119,124,129,132,136],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":120,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]