[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-358416-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-358416-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","b-cell-immunity-and-therapeutic-opportunities-in-brain-metastases","B cell immunity and therapeutic opportunities in brain metastases","","B cell immunity and therapeutic opportunities in brain metastases examines why prognosis for adult brain metastases remains poor despite advances in systemic cancer therapies and immunotherapies. It explains how the CNS immune-privileged landscape—shaped by the blood-brain barrier, specialized myeloid populations, and reduced lymphatic drainage—limits immune surveillance and drug delivery. The review emphasizes that B cells, beyond antibody production, can drive antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and tertiary lymphoid structure formation, with tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing outcomes. It synthesizes evidence distinguishing brain metastases from primary brain tumors and highlights B cell-based immunotherapies as emerging therapeutic vulnerabilities.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/b-cell-immunity-and-therapeutic-opportunities-in-brain-metastases/358416/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/b-cell-immunity-and-therapeutic-opportunities-in-brain-metastases/358416.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Lucas Martin","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is the prognosis for brain metastases still poor despite current systemic therapies?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Brain metastases often respond modestly because the CNS restricts immune surveillance and therapeutic delivery. The blood-brain barrier, specialized myeloid populations, and reduced lymphatic drainage limit effective immune cell trafficking, antigen presentation, and drug penetration.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What additional roles do B cells play in the brain tumor microenvironment beyond antibody production?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"B cells contribute to antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures. Depending on differentiation state and local cues, these functions can either promote or suppress antitumor immunity.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How does the review distinguish brain metastases from primary brain tumors in terms of B-cell significance?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"It notes that in primary brain tumors like glioblastoma, B-cell infiltration has been linked to both immune activation and immune regulation. In contrast, the significance of B cells in brain metastases remains comparatively underexplored and less defined.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},358416,1790165579,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":125},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":127,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},8796095360427,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 14 January 2026  \nDOI 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1740386  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nAnkit Rai,  \nGujarat Biotechnology University, India  \nREVIEWED BY  \nWeian Zhu,  \nSun Yat-sen University, China Pierfrancesco De Domenico,  \nVita-Salute San Raffaele University, Italy  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nCatalina Lee-Chang  \n [catalina.leechang@northwestern.edu](catalina.leechang@northwestern.edu)  \nRECEIVED 05 November 2025  \nREVISED 15 December 2025  \nACCEPTED 22 December 2025  \nPUBLISHED 14 January 2026  \nCITATION  \nJones G, Murphy A and Lee-Chang C (2026) B cell immunity and therapeutic opportunities in brain metastases.  \nFront. Immunol. 16:1740386 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1740386  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2026 Jones, Murphy and Lee-Chang. This isan open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nB cell immunity and therapeutic opportunities in brain metastases  \nGrace Jones 1, Alina Murphy 1 and Catalina Lee-Chang 1,2*  \n1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, 2 Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States  \nArising from extracranial cancers, brain metastases (BrM) are the most prevalent brain malignancy in adults. Even though there are recent advances in systemic cancer therapies and immunotherapies, the prognosis for BrM remains poor, with median survival rather dismal. The central nervous system (CNS) presents a distinct immunological and structural landscape that restricts immune surveillance and effective therapeutic delivery. This immune privilege is enforced by the blood brain barrier (BBB), specialized myeloid populations, in conjunction with reduced lymphatic drainage, which collectively constrains the effect or immune cell traffic king and antigen presentation. Thus, immunotherapeutic strategies that have revolutionized systemic oncology, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies, have presented only rather modest benefit in BrM. While immunotherapy-focused research has largely focused on T-cellmediated mechanisms, an accumulation of recent findings suggest that B cells play multifaceted and underexplored roles within the unique CNS tumor microenvironment (TME) . Aside from antibody production, B cells contribute to antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures which are functions that can either promote or suppress antitumor immunity depending on their differentiation state and local cues. In primary brain tumors, like glioblastoma (GBM), B cell infiltration has been linked to both enhance immune activation and immune regulation, yet their significance in BrM remains comparatively undefined. Understanding how B cells adapt and function within the niche constraints of the CNS, such as how they influence immune suppression, antigen presentation, and TME remodeling, may reveal new therapeutic vulnerabilities and allow for harnessing complementary B cellbased immunotherapies instead of T cell-focused approaches. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the structural and immunological features that differentiate BrM from primary brain tumors and extracranial metastases. We highlight the emerging evidence on B cell biology in the CNS, and discuss their immunostimulatory and immunoregulatory capacities, while exploring ongoing efforts to leverage B cell-based immunotherapies in brain malignancies, specifically proposed BrM. By defining the immunological landsc","cbCaifQyxFWOIB0V","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifQyxFWOIB0V","pdf",2513612,"English","# Introduction\n## Brain metastases and immune privilege\n## Treatment challenges and systemic therapy opportunities\n## Metastatic cancer establishment in the CNS\n## Immunological landscape of the brain","[{\"question\":\"Why is the prognosis for brain metastases still poor despite current systemic therapies?\",\"answer\":\"Brain metastases often respond modestly because the CNS restricts immune surveillance and therapeutic delivery. The blood-brain barrier, specialized myeloid populations, and reduced lymphatic drainage limit effective immune cell trafficking, antigen presentation, and drug penetration.\"},{\"question\":\"What additional roles do B cells play in the brain tumor microenvironment beyond antibody production?\",\"answer\":\"B cells contribute to antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures. Depending on differentiation state and local cues, these functions can either promote or suppress antitumor immunity.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review distinguish brain metastases from primary brain tumors in terms of B-cell significance?\",\"answer\":\"It notes that in primary brain tumors like glioblastoma, B-cell infiltration has been linked to both immune activation and immune regulation. In contrast, the significance of B cells in brain metastases remains comparatively underexplored and less defined.\"}]","B cell immunity and therapeutic opportunities in brain metastases | PDF",1790134079,48]