[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-379013-105":59,"doc-detail-379013-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","autophagy-and-cancer-basic-mechanisms-and-inhibitor-development-review-article","Autophagy and cancer: Basic mechanisms and inhibitor development - Review Article","","Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation system that maintains cellular homeostasis by turning over cytoplasmic biomolecules and organelles, often through selective pathways. Its relationship with cancer is complex, functioning either as a cancer promoter or a suppressor depending on cancer stage and type. This review summarizes core autophagy mechanisms, details autophagy’s context-dependent roles in cancer, and reports clinical trials of cancer-targeting autophagy inhibitors. It also outlines progress toward more specific inhibitors for future clinical use.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/autophagy-and-cancer-basic-mechanisms-and-inhibitor-development-review-article/379013/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/autophagy-and-cancer-basic-mechanisms-and-inhibitor-development-review-article/379013.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jacob","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is autophagy and why is it important for cells?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation system that transports and degrades cytoplasmic components. It contributes to cellular homeostasis by turnover of biomolecules, organelles, and invading microbes, often in a selective manner.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does autophagy relate to cancer?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Autophagy is closely related to cancer, but its roles are complicated. It can act as either a promoter or a suppressor depending on cancer stage and cancer type.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What is the main autophagy machinery involved in autophagosome formation?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Core autophagy machinery includes the ULK kinase complex, the Class III PI3K complex I (PI3KC3C1/VPS34-PI3P production), the ATG9A lipid scramblase, the ATG2–WIPI lipid transporting complex, the ATG12–ATG5 conjugation system, and the ATG8 (LC3/GABARAP) lipidation system.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},379013,1790523664,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962084931830,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Received: 7 January 2023 | Revised: 21 March 2023 | Accepted: 29 March 2023  \nDOI: 10. 1111/cas.15803  \nR E V I E W A RT I C L E  \nAutophagy and cancer: Basic mechanisms and inhibitor development  \nYutaro Hama1,2 | Yuta Ogasawara1 | Nobuo N. Noda1,2   \n1Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan  \n2Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Shinagawa-ku, Japan  \nCorrespondence  \nNobuo N. Noda, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.  \nEmail: [nn@igm.hokudai.ac.jp](nn@igm.hokudai.ac.jp)  \nFunding information  \nCore Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Grant/Award Number:  \nJPMJCR20E3; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number: JP19H05707, JP21H02072, JP21K06173 and JP22J01742; Takeda Science Foundation  \nAbstract  \nAutophagy is a lysosomal degradation system of cytoplasmic components that contributes to cellular homeostasis through the turnover of various biomolecules and organelles, often in a selective manner. Autophagy is closely related to cancer, but its roles in cancer are complicated. It works as either a promoter or suppressor, depending on the stage and type of cancer. In this review, we briefly summarize the basic mechanisms of autophagy and describe the complicated roles of autophagy in cancer. Moreover, we summarize the clinical trials of autophagy inhibitors targeting cancer and the development of more specific autophagy inhibitors for future clinical application.  \nK E Y WO R D S  \nATG, autophagy, cancer, chloroquine, inhibitor, mTORC1  \n1 | BASIC MECHANISMS OF AUTO PHAGY  \nAutophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, intracellular degradation system of cytoplasmic components using lysosomes. Autophagy transports substrates to lysosomes in several ways. The most common type of autophagy is macroautophagy (simply referred to as autophagy), which utilizes de novo-generated autophagosomes for lysosomal transport.1,2 The most distinguished feature of autophagy is that it degrades almost all components of the cytoplasm, including not only biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, but also all types of organelles and invading microbes. The degradation process of autophagy is often selective, which makes this system a central player in cellular homeostasis. We first briefly summarize the key players in autophagosome formation and selective autophagy.  \n1.1 | Core autophagy machinery  \nUsing budding yeast as a model system, many autophagy-related (ATG) genes/proteins have been identified as essential for autophagosome formation. They can be divided into six functional groups that are conserved in mammals.1 The six groups in mammals are as follows: (1) ULK kinase complex consisting of autophagyinitiating Ser/Thr kinase ULK1 or ULK2, FIP200/RB1CC1, ATG13, and ATG101; (2) Class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3C1) consisting of VPS34/PIK3C3 (catalytic subunit), PIK3R4, BECN1, ATG14, and NRBF2; (3) lipid scramblase ATG9A;(4) lipid transporting ATG2–WIPI complex; (5) ATG12–ATG5 conjugation system that builds up the ATG12–ATG5–ATG16L1 complex; and (6) the ATG8 (LC3 family and GABARAP family) lipidation system (Figure 1A) . Autophagy initiation is mainly regulated by mTOR  \nAbbreviations: AIM, Atg8-family interacting motif; ATG, autophagy-related; CQ, chloroquine; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FIR, FIP200 interacting region; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; LIR, LC3-interacting region; LLPS, liquid–liquid phase separation; mTORC1, mTOR complex I; PI3KC3C1, Class III phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase complex I; PI3P, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; PPI, protein–protein interaction; SAR, selective autophagy receptor.  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.  \n© 2023 The Authors. ","cbCaijv9nCXySXZP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijv9nCXySXZP","pdf",456427,"English","# Abstract\n## Basic mechanisms of autophagy\n### Core autophagy machinery\n### Selective autophagy and substrate recognition\n## Autophagy roles in cancer\n## Autophagy inhibitor development and clinical trials","[{\"question\":\"What is autophagy and why is it important for cells?\",\"answer\":\"Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation system that transports and degrades cytoplasmic components. It contributes to cellular homeostasis by turnover of biomolecules, organelles, and invading microbes, often in a selective manner.\"},{\"question\":\"How does autophagy relate to cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Autophagy is closely related to cancer, but its roles are complicated. It can act as either a promoter or a suppressor depending on cancer stage and cancer type.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main autophagy machinery involved in autophagosome formation?\",\"answer\":\"Core autophagy machinery includes the ULK kinase complex, the Class III PI3K complex I (PI3KC3C1/VPS34-PI3P production), the ATG9A lipid scramblase, the ATG2–WIPI lipid transporting complex, the ATG12–ATG5 conjugation system, and the ATG8 (LC3/GABARAP) lipidation system.\"}]","Autophagy and cancer: Basic mechanisms and inhibitor development - Review Article | PDF",1790233688,25]