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A literature review is combined with twenty-six expert interviews and a cross-case study of three automotive manufacturers. The study derives minimum functional requirements for manufacturing driving readiness (MDR), identifies required parts and processes, determines assembly-sequence changes, and links outcomes to automotive design implications. Results indicate MDR can be reached after about 60% of the assembly state without major design changes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/autonomous-vehicles-as-self-driving-assembly-items-functional-requirements-and-ramifications-for-assembly-sequences-automotive-design-and-performance/608516/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/autonomous-vehicles-as-self-driving-assembly-items-functional-requirements-and-ramifications-for-assembly-sequences-automotive-design-and-performance/608516.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Finn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-18","2026-10-17",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study investigate about autonomous vehicles in manufacturing assembly?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines how AV self-driving functions can be used during assembly to reduce material handling systems and increase flexibility and changeability.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is manufacturing driving readiness (MDR) defined and analyzed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"MDR is treated as the minimum functional requirements needed for self-driving unfinished AVs to operate in factories, and the paper derives these requirements from interviews and cross-case evidence.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What changes are required for assembly sequences and automotive design?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The research identifies (1) parts and processes needed to meet MDR, (2) changes to assembly sequences, and (3) resulting requirements for automotive design to exploit AV self-driving optimally.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},608516,1792338916,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},34359740700684,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487","Journal of Manufacturing Systems 70 (2023) 327–344  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nJournal of Manufacturing Systems  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmansys)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/jmansys](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmansys)  \n| Autonomous vehicles as self-driving assembly items: Functional   requirements and ramifications for assembly sequences, automotive design and performance\u003Cbr>Tom Kathmanna, *, Daniel Reha, Julia C. Arlinghausb\u003Cbr>a Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, Mecklenheidestrasse 74, 30419 Hannover, Germany b Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universit¨atsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |\n| Keywords:\u003Cbr>Autonomous vehicle\u003Cbr>Self-driving\u003Cbr>Assembly\u003Cbr>Sequence\u003Cbr>Automotive\u003Cbr>Automated Valet parking |  | Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are poised to take over the automotive market. This study examines capabilities to reduce material handling systems and to increase the flexibility and changeability provided by AVs’ self-driving function during assembly. We combine a literature review with a set of twenty-six interviews with experts and across-case study of three automotive manufacturers to identify (1) the minimum functional requirements of manufacturing driving readiness (MDR), i.e., self-driving unfinished AVs in factories,(2) the parts and processes needed to meet the requirements,(3) the changes required in the assembly sequence and (4) the resulting requirements for automotive design. One main finding is that automotive industry could reach MDR after an assembly state of 60% without major design changes. Our results will affect decision-makers in assembly engineering, automotive designers and researchers of automotive assembly systems and innovations. |\n\n1. Introduction  \nRecent innovations in environmental perception and sensor fusion are prompting the automotive industry to switch from standard to autonomous vehicles (AVs) that do not require human drivers in every situation [1], i.e., the Society of Automotive Engineers’ (SAE) Level 3 [2]. The resultant freedom for drivers opens up new and more flexible options for vehicle use when driven (e.g., self-driving sleep and work spaces). Manufacturers will consequently have to redesign vehicles’interiors and exteriors, as autonomous concept cars have demonstrated [3,4]. This will also affect automotive assembly in the medium term. The expanding range of uses of vehicles will require a wider variety of interiors and thus highly flexible assembly systems. Moreover, the additional sensors [3,5,6] and processing units [6,7] automotive manufacturers will have to install for self-driving will result in new assembly processes and sequences.  \nHowever, the changes required in assembly will be offset by the new vehicle’s self-driving capabilities from which automotive industry could benefit. For instance, early AV self-driving during assembly would not only enable assembly engineers to reduce the number of high-cost handling systems needed (such as Automated Guided Vehicles, AGVs) but also increase flexibility and changeability by eliminating rigid work  \nstation dependencies by employing matrix-like assembly systems with variable assembly sequences once a so-called manufacturing driving readiness (MDR) has been established to handle a wide variety of products [8,9]. Since automotive manufacturers establish the functional requirements for automated driving just before the end of assembly, they face the challenge that they have to develop new assembly sequences that establish MDR significantly earlier.  \nCurrent literature primarily focuses on AV development [1,10] and use [11,12] but rarely explores the requirements for or capabilities of AV use during assembly. Researchers envision substituting AGVs in flexible assembly systems with “even the automobile itself” [9] and enumerate several benefits and challenges [8]. Along with identifying such a concep","cbCaivE581Hv76ZZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivE581Hv76ZZ","pdf",4598031,18,"English","# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Theoretical background to AVs, automotive assembly, assembly seq","[{\"question\":\"What does the study investigate about autonomous vehicles in manufacturing assembly?\",\"answer\":\"It examines how AV self-driving functions can be used during assembly to reduce material handling systems and increase flexibility and changeability.\"},{\"question\":\"How is manufacturing driving readiness (MDR) defined and analyzed?\",\"answer\":\"MDR is treated as the minimum functional requirements needed for self-driving unfinished AVs to operate in factories, and the paper derives these requirements from interviews and cross-case evidence.\"},{\"question\":\"What changes are required for assembly sequences and automotive design?\",\"answer\":\"The research identifies (1) parts and processes needed to meet MDR, (2) changes to assembly sequences, and (3) resulting requirements for automotive design to exploit AV self-driving optimally.\"}]","Autonomous vehicles as self-driving assembly items: Functional requirements and ramifications for assembly sequences, automotive design and performance | PDF",1792270960,45]