[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-126129-en":3,"doc-seo-126129-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},126129,5909887254083,"Miles","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","Automated real-space lattice extraction for atomic force microscopy images","Analyzing atomically resolved images in atomic force microscopy is labor-intensive, requiring expert experience and substantial manual effort. Such images also encode crucial surface-structure information, including crystal structure, defects, and domain formation, which must be reliably extracted to interpret material surfaces. The work presents AiSurf, a free open-source tool that uses scale-invariant feature transform and clustering to automatically identify primitive lattice vectors, unit cells, and structural distortions with minimal user input and no lattice pre-assumptions. It is validated on AFM images of multiple surface systems.","PAPER • OPEN ACCESS  \nAutomated real-space lattice extraction for atomic force microscopy images  \nTo cite this article: Marco Corrias et al 2023 Mach. Learn. : Sci. Technol. 4 015015  \nView the article online for updates and enhancements.  \nYou may also like  \n-Improving sample and feature selection with principal covariates regression  \nRose K Cersonsky, Benjamin A Helfrecht, Edgar A Engel et al.  \n-InClass nets: independent classifier networks for nonparametric estimation of conditional independence mixture models and unsupervised classification  \nKonstantin T Matchev and Prasanth Shyamsundar  \n-How isotropic kernels perform on simple invariants  \nJonas Paccolat, Stefano Spigler and Matthieu Wyart  \nThis content was downloaded from IP address [128.131.52.56](128.131.52.56) on 23/03/2023 at 09:06  \n Mach. Learn.: Sci. Technol. 4 (2023) 015015 [https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/acb5e0](https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/acb5e0)  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nRECEIVED  \n8 September 2022  \nREVISED  \n11 January 2023  \nACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION  \n24 January 2023  \nPUBLISHED  \n8 February 2023  \nOriginal Content from this work may be used under the terms of the  \nCreative Commons Attribution 4 .0 licence.  \nAny further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.  \nPAPER  \nAutomated real-space lattice extraction for atomic force microscopy images  \nMarco Corrias1,2, ∗􀁂, Lorenzo Papa1, Igor Sokolovi3, Viktor Birschitzky1,2, Alexander Gorfer1,  \nMartin Setvin3,4, Michael Schmid3, Ulrike Diebold3, Michele Reticcioli1􀁂 and Cesare Franchini1,5􀁂  \n1 University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Science, Kolingasse 14-16, A-1090 Vienna, Austria  \n2 University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria  \n3 Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/134, A 1040 Vienna, Austria  \n4 Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holeovicˇkách 2, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic  \n5 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universit di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy  \n∗ Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.  \n[E-mail:](E-mail: marco.corrias@univie.ac.at)[ marco.corrias@univie.ac.at](E-mail: marco.corrias@univie.ac.at)  \nKeywords: machine learning, clustering algorithm, unsupervised learning, computer vision, atomic force microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, surface science  \nSupplementary material for this article is available online  \nAbstract  \nAnalyzing atomically resolved images is a time-consuming process requiring solid experience and substantial human intervention. In addition, the acquired images contain a large amount of information such as crystal structure, presence and distribution of defects, and formation of domains, which need to be resolved to understand a material’s surface structure. Therefore, machine learning techniques have been applied in scanning probe and electron microscopies during the last years, aiming for automatized and efficient image analysis. This work introduces a free and open source tool (AiSurf: Automated Identification of Surface Images) developed to inspect atomically resolved images via scale-invariant feature transform and clustering algorithms. AiSurf extracts primitive lattice vectors, unit cells, and structural distortions from the original image, with no pre-assumption on the lattice and minimal user intervention. The method is applied to various atomically resolved non-contact atomic force microscopy images of selected surfaces with different levels of complexity: anatase TiO2 (101), oxygen deficient rutile TiO2 (110) with and without CO adsorbates, SrTiO3 (001) with Sr vacancies and graphene with C vacancies. The code delivers excellent results and is tested against atom misclassification and artifacts, thereby facilitating the interpretation of scanning probe microscopy images","cbCaidj1UukP7bVA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidj1UukP7bVA","pdf",2528010,5,1,10,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why is analyzing atomically resolved AFM images time-consuming?\",\"answer\":\"It requires solid experience and substantial human intervention. The interpretation also demands resolving complex information such as lattice, defects, and domain structures.\"},{\"question\":\"What is AiSurf and what does it extract from AFM images?\",\"answer\":\"AiSurf is an open-source tool that uses scale-invariant feature transform and clustering to extract primitive lattice vectors, unit cells, and structural distortions directly from the image.\"},{\"question\":\"Does the method require assuming a specific lattice type beforehand?\",\"answer\":\"No. The tool performs extraction with no pre-assumptions on the lattice and aims to require minimal user intervention.\"}]","Automated real-space lattice extraction for atomic force microscopy images | PDF",1785903316,25,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":88,"head_meta":90,"extra_data":92,"updated_unix":29},"automated-real-space-lattice-extraction-for-atomic-force-microscopy-images","",{"@graph":37,"@context":87},[38,55,70],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":54},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/automated-real-space-lattice-extraction-for-atomic-force-microscopy-images/126129/",4,{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":56,"author":57,"headline":13,"publisher":59,"fileFormat":62,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":63,"datePublished":64,"encodingFormat":62,"isAccessibleForFree":65,"interactionStatistic":66},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":58},"Person",{"url":42,"name":60,"@type":61},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-25","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":67,"interactionType":68,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":69},"ViewAction",{"@type":71,"mainEntity":72},"FAQPage",[73,79,83],{"name":74,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":76},"Why is analyzing atomically resolved AFM images time-consuming?","Question",{"text":77,"@type":78},"It requires solid experience and substantial human intervention. The interpretation also demands resolving complex information such as lattice, defects, and domain structures.","Answer",{"name":80,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":81},"What is AiSurf and what does it extract from AFM images?",{"text":82,"@type":78},"AiSurf is an open-source tool that uses scale-invariant feature transform and clustering to extract primitive lattice vectors, unit cells, and structural distortions directly from the image.",{"name":84,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":85},"Does the method require assuming a specific lattice type beforehand?",{"text":86,"@type":78},"No. The tool performs extraction with no pre-assumptions on the lattice and aims to require minimal user intervention.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":89,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":60,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":91,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":94},[95,99,103,107,111,116,121,124,129,132,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":54,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":134},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":20,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]