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The study uses interviews to characterize how domain experts create, adapt, and reuse visual representations, highlighting a missing translation support in existing diagramming tools. The work proposes four tool opportunities and presents PENROSE, a constraint-based system that codifies domain concepts and generates diagrams via constrained numerical optimization. It further introduces EDGEWORTH for educators to efficiently author diagrammatic multiple-choice problems with automated layout.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/authoring-conceptual-diagrams-by-codifying-visual-representations-dissertation-abstract/657459/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/authoring-conceptual-diagrams-by-codifying-visual-representations-dissertation-abstract/657459.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"lugxt","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What limitation of existing diagramming tools does the interview study identify?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The translation step from conceptual ideas to concrete visual shapes is not supported explicitly. Participants also reported difficulty transitioning from sketches to digital tools and reusing components from earlier diagrams.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does PENROSE generate diagrams from codified representations?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"In PENROSE, the visual representation is specified by authors in a constraint-based specification language. Diagrams are then generated automatically through constrained numerical optimization, preserving the underlying visual representation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What capabilities does EDGEWORTH provide for educators?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"EDGEWORTH takes a single user diagram and systematically produces many variations for educators to choose from. It also automates diagram layout to maintain consistent high quality without manual adjustment, and it can create multiple-choice problems across geometry, chemistry, and discrete math.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},657459,1792980062,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},3985747862600,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Authoring Conceptual Diagrams by Codifying Visual Representations  \nWode “Nimo” Ni  \n倪沃德  \nCMU-S3D-24-110  \nOctober 2024  \nSoftware and Societal Systems Department  \nSchool of Computer Science  \nCarnegie Mellon University  \nPittsburgh, PA 15213  \nThesis Committee:  \nKenneth Koedinger (Co-chair)  \nJoshua Sunshine (Co-chair)  \nBrad Myers  \nTitus Barik (Apple)  \nShriram Krishnamurthi (Brown University)  \nSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Software Engineering.  \nCopyright © 2024 Wode “Nimo” Ni  \nThis research was sponsored by the Software Engineering Institute award FA8702-15-D-0002, DARPA award FA87501620042; by the National Security Agency award H9823018D0008; by Squirrel AI award 5007723; by the National Science Foundation awards 1910264, 2016586, 2119007, and TI2346174; and by the CMU Open Source Office Fellowship, supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the sponsoring organizations.  \nKeywords: Diagramming, Diagrammatic Problems, Visual Representations  \nTo the pool gods.  \niv  \nAbstract  \nVisual representations like diagrams are powerful tools for thought. Diagrams are used extensively to understand abstract relationships, explain complex ideas, and solve difficult problems.  \nI conducted an interview study to understand how domain experts create diagramsand identified key limitations in current tools. To illustrate concepts effectively, experts find appropriate visual representations and translate concepts into concrete shapes. This translation step is not supported explicitly by existing diagramming tools. Our participants reported how they create, adapt, and reuse visual representations using both sketches and digital tools. However, they had trouble using digital tools to transition from sketches and reuse components from earlier diagrams. Based on these results, we suggest four opportunities of diagramming tools—exploration support, representation salience, live engagement, and vocabulary correspondence—that together enable a natural diagramming experience.  \nThe findings from these studies informed the design of PENROSE, a languagebased system that allows authors to codify domain-specific concepts and their visual representations. In PENROSE, the visual representation is user-defined in a constraint-based specification language; diagrams are then generated automatically via constrained numerical optimization. The system is designed to be user-extensible to many domains. In contrast to tools that specify diagrams via direct manipulation or low-level graphics programming, PENROSE enables rapid creation and exploration of diagrams that faithfully preserve the underlying visual representation. I demonstrate the effectiveness and generality of the system by showing how it can be used to illustrate a diverse set of concepts from various domains.  \nAtop PENROSE, I built EDGEWORTH, a tool designed to help educators easily create visual problems. EDGEWORTH works in two main ways: firstly, it takes a single diagram from the user and systematically alters it to produce many variations, which the educator can then choose from to create multiple problems. Secondly, it automates the layout of diagrams, ensuring consistent high quality without the need for manual adjustments. I collected a dataset of diagrammatic multiple-choice problems to show that EDGEWORTH can create problems in three domains: geometry, chemistry, and discrete math. EDGEWORTH generated usable answer options within the first 10 diagram variations in 87% of authored problems. I then performed a user study to measure authors' efficiency at creating translation problems using EDGEWORTH, compared with a conventional drawing tool. The results show that once authors make a correct diagram, they are about 3 times faster at making diagrammatic options for t","cbCaibZH8vrczFvn","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibZH8vrczFvn","pdf",31036860,226,"English","# Abstract\n## Interview study on experts’ diagram creation\n## PENROSE: codifying concepts and generating diagrams\n## EDGEWORTH: creating diagrammatic problems for education","[{\"question\":\"What limitation of existing diagramming tools does the interview study identify?\",\"answer\":\"The translation step from conceptual ideas to concrete visual shapes is not supported explicitly. Participants also reported difficulty transitioning from sketches to digital tools and reusing components from earlier diagrams.\"},{\"question\":\"How does PENROSE generate diagrams from codified representations?\",\"answer\":\"In PENROSE, the visual representation is specified by authors in a constraint-based specification language. Diagrams are then generated automatically through constrained numerical optimization, preserving the underlying visual representation.\"},{\"question\":\"What capabilities does EDGEWORTH provide for educators?\",\"answer\":\"EDGEWORTH takes a single user diagram and systematically produces many variations for educators to choose from. It also automates diagram layout to maintain consistent high quality without manual adjustment, and it can create multiple-choice problems across geometry, chemistry, and discrete math.\"}]","Authoring Conceptual Diagrams by Codifying Visual Representations - Dissertation Abstract | PDF",570]