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The first aimed to open the universities to social and labour market demand and to make their structures more democratic and flexible. The second reform cycle dealt with glitches in the overly close relationship between universities and state bureaucracy. Bureaucrats still tightly controlled universities through line-budget funding and other forms of micro-management. This close dependency was abolished and university autonomy greatly strengthened when traditionally weak university leadership was replaced by a strong president and centralized administration, and by the creation of governing boards. The author argues that the second reform cycle was much influenced by Anglo Saxon models of university governance and constituted an almost total break with the traditional structures of Austrian universities.  \n56 Hans Pechar  \nRÉSUMÉ  \nLʼAutriche a entrepris deux grandes séquences de réformes universitaires depuis les années 1960. La première faisait accepter aux universités les demandes sociale et économique du marché du travail. La deuxième réforme cherchait à distancer lʼuniversité de lʼÉtat enseignant, arrangement caractérisé par une ingérence bureaucratique centralisatrice de longue date et minée par des mécanismes dʼapprobation détaillée des budgets universitaires. Cette relation de dépendance étroite a été abolie et lʼautonomie a été établie grâce au renforcement du leadership universitaire par la nomination de recteurs présidents forts de leurs propres fiefs administratifs, et par lʼétablissement de conseilsdʼadministration. Lʼauteur montre à quel point cette dernière réformesʼinspirait principalement de modèles anglo-saxons en matière degouvernance universitaire, et constituait une rupture quasi-totale avec les structures traditionnelles des universités autrichiennes.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nIn the last four decades, Austria has experienced two cycles of higher education reform, sharply differentiated by policy, and separated by a decade of consolidation. The first cycle began in the 1960s and peaked in the mid-1970s, putting higher education under the umbrella of welfare state policies, emphasizing student participation, allowing junior faculty members to participate in decision-making, and broadening research. The policy catchwords were “opening” and “democratization.”  \nThe second cycle followed international policy trends of the 1990s. It produced reform legislation granting full legal status to universities as public enterprises. The relevant buzz words are “deregulation” and “efficiency.”  \nThe Canadian Journal of Higher Education Volume XXXIV, No. 3, 2004  \nAustrian Higher Education Meets the Knowledge Society 57  \nOPENING AN ELITE SYSTEM  \nGovernments in the 1960s and 1970s had many good reasons to take action in higher education policy. Austrian universities were in a bad shape. They remained elite institutions only in size, serving about five percent of the potential student population. The glorious research period of the late 19th and early 20th century was long over. The political catastrophes of the 1930s and 1940s resulted in two waves of expulsion for political and racial reasons that deprived universities of many able researchers (Stadler, 1988). Only the most active Nazis were expelled in the immediate post-war years; émigrés were rarely welcomed back. Universities were known for intellectual narrowness rather than innovation.  \nEducational reform became a political priority in the 1960s. The government set the course for educational expansion and modified the traditional chair system ( Ordinarienuniversität ) . The overarching goal of this first reform cycle was to “open up” rigid elite structures (Pechar, 1996) . It","cbCaipHX6frVu3Mc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipHX6frVu3Mc","pdf",184932,18,"English","# Introduction\n## Opening an Elite System","[{\"question\":\"What were the two university reform cycles in Austria focused on?\",\"answer\":\"The first cycle sought to open universities to social and labour-market demand and make structures more democratic and flexible. The second cycle addressed glitches from close ties between universities and state bureaucracy.\"},{\"question\":\"How did Austria strengthen university autonomy in the second reform cycle?\",\"answer\":\"University autonomy was strengthened by abolishing tight bureaucratic dependency and replacing weak leadership with a strong president, centralized administration, and governing boards.\"},{\"question\":\"Which international governance models influenced Austria’s second reform cycle?\",\"answer\":\"The second reform cycle was strongly influenced by Anglo-Saxon models of university governance, marking a near total break with traditional Austrian university structures.\"}]","Austrian Higher Education Meets the Knowledge Society - Volume XXXIV - Abstract | PDF",1792084689,45]