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Two groups (157 students with LD and 278 typical peers) completed questionnaires on attitudes toward accommodations, positive affect, self-efficacy, loneliness, and hope. LD students reported lower positive affect, hope, and self-efficacy than peers. A serial multiple mediation analysis shows that personal resources and attitudes fully mediate effects of receiving accommodations on positive affect.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/athens-journal-of-education-volume-5-issue-4-test-accommodations-and-positive-affect-among-adolescents-with-learning-disabilities/592618/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/athens-journal-of-education-volume-5-issue-4-test-accommodations-and-positive-affect-among-adolescents-with-learning-disabilities/592618.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Mimi","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-21","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":30},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What is the main purpose of the study?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"To examine levels of positive affect as an indicator of wellbeing among students with learning disabilities who receive test accommodations, and to identify mediating roles of personal resources and attitudes, including loneliness.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How were participants grouped and what did they complete?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"The study used two groups of junior high school students: 157 students with LD and 278 peers with typical development. Participants completed questionnaires covering attitudes toward test accommodations, positive affect, academic self-efficacy, loneliness, and hope.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What do the results show about students with learning disabilities compared with typical peers?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Students with LD who were entitled to test accommodations reported lower levels of academic self-efficacy, hope, and positive affect than typical development peers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},592618,1792162055,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":30,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":108},2336477974920,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Athens Journal of Education-Volume 5, Issue 4 – Pages 345-360  \nTest Accommodations and Positive affect among Adolescents with Learning Disabilities: The Mediating Role of Attitudes, Academic Self  \nefficacy, Loneliness and Hope 1  \nBy Michal Einav􀀍  \nAdi Sharabi†  \nTal Even-hen Peter‡  \nMalka Margalit􀀎  \nThe growing number of students with Learning Disabilities (LD) who are granted test accommodations raises many theoretical questions with educational implications. The aim of the current study is to examine levels of positive affect as an indicator of wellbeing among students with LD who receive test accommodations and to identify the mediating role of personal resources such as academic self-efficacy, hope, attitudes towards test accommodations and loneliness. Two groups of junior highschool students (157 students with LD and 278 typical development peers) completed questionnaires about their attitudes towards test accommodations, their positive affect, academic self-efficacy, loneliness and hope. Results indicate that students with LD who are entitled to test accommodations reported lower levels of academic selfefficacy, hope and positive affect compared to their typical development peers. A serial multiple mediation analysis demonstrates that personal resources as well as attitudes fully mediated the relations between receiving such accommodations and positive affect. This study offers unique, though preliminary, findings about the important relations between receiving test accommodations and attitudes about them, positive affect and personal resources by providing a deeper look at the complexity of the relations between the factors that predict students’wellbeing.  \nKeywords: Academic self-efficacy, Accommodations, Hope, Learning-disabilities, loneliness  \n1This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.  \n􀀍 Senior Lecturer and Head of the Graduate Program of Educational Psychology in Peres Academic Centre, and Adjunct Lecturer at Tel Aviv-Yaffa Academic College, Israel.  \n† Head, Department of Special Education, Kibbutzim College of Education Technology & The Arts, Tel-Aviv, Israel.  \n‡ Educational Psychologist, Ashdod Psych-educational Services, and Peres Academic Centre, Israel.  \n􀀎Professor, Dean, School of Behavioral Sciences, Peres Academic Center; Professor Emeritus, Constantiner School of Education, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.  \n[https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.5-4-1](https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.5-4-1) doi=10.30958/aje.5-4-1  \nVol. 5, No. 4 Einav et al.: Test Accommodations and Positive affect among…  \nIntroduction  \nTest accommodations are modifications made to tests or testing conditions that allow students with disabilities such as learning disabilities (LD) to demonstrate their knowledge. Common modifications include extending the amount of time students are given to complete a test, having someone else write down their answers, or listening to questions read aloud by text-to-speech software. Since students with LD often face many academic challenges, schools provide them with test accommodations to ensure that they will be able to demonstrate their knowledge without lowering academic standards or threatening the validity of exam scores. Although it is generally considered legitimate to provide academic accessibility to students with disabilities (Fuchs, Fuchs, & Capizzi, 2005), the growing numbers of students who are entitled to such accommodations in Israel, as in many Western countries, have raised questions especially about the impact of the accommodations on the students’ achievements (Cawthon, Ho, Patel, Potvin, & Trundt, 2009) and on classroom climate (Lovett, 2014).  \nResearchers have reported that many students with LD have positive perceptions of testing accommodations (Lang, Elliott, Bolt, & Kratochwill, 2008; Rogers, Lazarus, & Thurlow, 2014). However, only a few studies have examined their impact on students’ self-percepti","cbCaimL6OY6msVD8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimL6OY6msVD8","pdf",602897,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Test Accommodations and Positive affect among Adolescents with Learning Disabilities\n## Positive Affect (PA) and Test Accommodations","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the study?\",\"answer\":\"To examine levels of positive affect as an indicator of wellbeing among students with learning disabilities who receive test accommodations, and to identify mediating roles of personal resources and attitudes, including loneliness.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants grouped and what did they complete?\",\"answer\":\"The study used two groups of junior high school students: 157 students with LD and 278 peers with typical development. Participants completed questionnaires covering attitudes toward test accommodations, positive affect, academic self-efficacy, loneliness, and hope.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results show about students with learning disabilities compared with typical peers?\",\"answer\":\"Students with LD who were entitled to test accommodations reported lower levels of academic self-efficacy, hope, and positive affect than typical development peers.\"}]","Athens Journal of Education - Volume 5 - Issue 4 - Test Accommodations and Positive affect among Adolescents with Learning Disabilities | PDF",1792074956]