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Pooled 24 h milk samples, 72 h food diaries, and questionnaires were collected from 68 exclusively breastfeeding mothers and analyzed by UHPLC/FLD, with dietary data processed using the Estonian NutriData program. The most abundant HMO structures ranged widely, and dietary patterns and supplement use showed significant associations with specific HMOs.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/associations-between-human-milk-oligosaccharides-and-maternal-nutrition-latvian-study/467550/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/associations-between-human-milk-oligosaccharides-and-maternal-nutrition-latvian-study/467550.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"nayy☆","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the study’s main objective in Latvia?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To examine relationships between maternal diet and HMO composition and concentration in human milk among exclusively breastfeeding women in Latvia.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were milk samples and dietary data collected?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Pooled 24-hour human milk samples and 72-hour food diaries were collected, along with questionnaires and participant sociodemographic and anthropometric data.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which dietary patterns were linked to higher HMO concentrations?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Limiting or excluding milk and dairy products was associated with higher 2′-FL concentration, while preference for “zero sugar” products was associated with higher concentrations of several HMOs (including 3′-FL, 6′-GL, LNnT, 6′-SL, and LNDFH II).",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"What role did supplement use play in the results?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"Dietary supplement use (e.g., vitamin D and calcium) was associated with differences in HMO composition and concentration in human milk.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},467550,1790816131,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":143,"language":144,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":148,"read_time":149,"preview_page_count":4},962090893153,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Article  \nAssociations Between Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Maternal Nutrition: Latvian Study  \nL¯ıva Aumeistere , Krist¯ıne Majore , Anete Keke , Annamarija Driksna , Svetlana Aleksejeva  and Inga Ciprovica *  \nFood Institute, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Rgas iela 22a, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia; [liva.aumeistere@lbtu.lv](liva.aumeistere@lbtu.lv) (L.A.); [kristine.majore@lbtu.lv](kristine.majore@lbtu.lv) (K.M.); [anete.keke@lbtu.lv](anete.keke@lbtu.lv) (A.K.);  \n[grava.annamarija@gmail.com](grava.annamarija@gmail.com) (A.D.); [s.aleksejeva@gmail.com](s.aleksejeva@gmail.com) (S.A.)  \n* Correspondence: [inga.ciprovica@lbtu.lv](inga.ciprovica@lbtu.lv)  \nAcademic Editor: TamásDecsi  \nReceived: 12 December 2025  \nRevised: 27 December 2025  \nAccepted: 29 December 2025  \nPublished: 31 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \nAbstract  \nBackground/Objectives: HMOs are the third most abundant solid component after lactose and fats in human milk. This study aimed to examine the relationships between maternal diet and HMO composition and concentration in human milk among lactating women in Latvia. Methods: Pooled 24 h human milk samples, 72 h food diaries, and questionnaireson anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics were collected from 68 exclusively breastfeeding women residing in Latvia. HMOs were analyzed by UHPLC/FLD, and dietary data were analyzed using the Estonian NutriData program. Results: The eight most abundant HMO structures were determined with total concentration ranging between 178.66 and 32,910.09 mg L−1. 2′ -FL was the most prevalent HMO in human milk (median concentration—3647 mg L−1), followed by 3′ -FL (1436.74 mg L −1) . Participants had an insufficient intake of vegetables, fruits, berries, milk and dairy products, and fish, leading to vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, and iodine intakes lower than recommended for lactating women. Limitation or exclusion of milk and dairy products from the diet was associated with a higher 2′ -FL concentration in human milk (p = 0.037) . Preference for “zero sugar”products was associated with a higher 3′ -FL, 6′ -GL, LNnT, 6′ -SL, LNDFH II concentration in human milk (p \u003C 0.050) . Dietary supplement use (e.g., vitamin D, calcium) was also associated with differences in HMO composition and concentration in milk (p \u003C 0.050) . Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of dietary habits and supplement use in shaping HMO profiles, though more human milk samples and dietary data need to be evaluated to draw further conclusions.  \nKeywords: human milk; human milk oligosaccharides; exclusive breastfeeding; diet  \n1. Introduction  \nHuman milk is the gold standard for children during early life, recommended exclusively for the first six months and through the first two years as a key source of energy, nutrients, and immunological protection. Human milk consists of macro-and microelements, as well as bioactive compounds, which synergistically promote children’s immunity, growth, and well-being [1] .  \nAmong bioactive compounds in human milk, HMOs are the third most abundant solid component after lactose and fats. Human milk oligosaccharides derive from lactose, and specific HMO structures are built by elongation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNac),  \nD-galactose (Gal), sialic acid (Neu5Ac), and L-fucose (Fuc) in a specific order and linkages to a lactose core [2] .  \nThe composition and concentration of individual HMO structures vary depending on genetic and non-genetic factors [3,4] . The presence of glycosyl transferases in the mammary gland is genetically determined for HMO biosynthesis, except for fucosyltransferases [5]; therefore, fucosylated HMO variability depends on the activity of fucosyltransferases encoded by the secretor and Lewis genes in lactating mothers [6–9","cbCaisrswgV5EGXW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisrswgV5EGXW","pdf",1006384,17,"English","# Introduction\n## HMOs in human milk and determinants\n## Study rationale and objectives\n# Materials and Methods\n## Study design and participant selection","[{\"question\":\"What was the study’s main objective in Latvia?\",\"answer\":\"To examine relationships between maternal diet and HMO composition and concentration in human milk among exclusively breastfeeding women in Latvia.\"},{\"question\":\"How were milk samples and dietary data collected?\",\"answer\":\"Pooled 24-hour human milk samples and 72-hour food diaries were collected, along with questionnaires and participant sociodemographic and anthropometric data.\"},{\"question\":\"Which dietary patterns were linked to higher HMO concentrations?\",\"answer\":\"Limiting or excluding milk and dairy products was associated with higher 2′-FL concentration, while preference for “zero sugar” products was associated with higher concentrations of several HMOs (including 3′-FL, 6′-GL, LNnT, 6′-SL, and LNDFH II).\"},{\"question\":\"What role did supplement use play in the results?\",\"answer\":\"Dietary supplement use (e.g., vitamin D and calcium) was associated with differences in HMO composition and concentration in human milk.\"}]","Associations Between Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Maternal Nutrition - Latvian Study | PDF",1790772994,43]