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A comparative case series enrolled 53 PRK candidates who completed the DASS-21 scale before surgery. Eye movement was quantified as the radial distance between the pupil and laser center for each shot, using mean distance for centralization accuracy and standard deviation for precision.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/association-between-preoperative-negative-emotional-states-and-eye-movement-during-photorefractive-keratectomy/460884/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/association-between-preoperative-negative-emotional-states-and-eye-movement-during-photorefractive-keratectomy/460884.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Maya Linwood","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study aim to determine about PRK patients?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study investigates whether preoperative negative emotions—depression, anxiety, and stress—are associated with eye movement during photorefractive keratectomy.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was eye movement measured during the PRK procedure?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Eye movement was measured as the radial distance between the pupil and the laser center during each shot; mean distance reflected centralization accuracy and standard deviation reflected precision.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the main findings regarding the relationship between DASS-21 scores and eye movement?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Mean and standard deviation of eye movements were not significantly correlated with depression, anxiety, stress, or the total DASS-21 score. Longer ablation time showed a weak positive correlation with the standard deviation of eye movement.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},460884,1791047223,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},962084928432,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research Volume 20, 10.18502/jovr.v20.17300  \nOriginal Article  \nAssociation Between Preoperative Negative Emotional States and Eye Movement During Photorefractive  \nKeratectomy  \nHesam Hashemian1 , MD; Hooman Ahmadzadeh1 , MD; Alireza Razavi1,2 , MD; Hassan Asadignadomani3 , MD; Zahra Montazeriani4 , MS; Sogol Olamazadeh1 , MD; Mehdi Khodaparast1 , MD  \n1 Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  \n2 Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  \n3 Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran  \n4 Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Advanced Medical Technologies and Equipment Institute (AMTEI), Tehran, Iran  \nAbstract  \nPurpose: To describe the link between negative emotions—depression, anxiety, and stress—and eye movement during photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).  \nMethods: This comparative case series was conducted on 53 PRK candidates and involved completing the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) before surgery. Eye movement, measured as the radial distance between the pupil and laser center during each shot, was analyzed. Average distance indicated centralization accuracy, while standard deviation (SD) indicated precision. Stress, depression, anxiety, and their relationship with eye movement during PRK were studied.  \nResults: The mean and SD of eye movements were not significantly correlated with depression, anxiety, stress, or the total DASS-21 score. A weak negative correlation was observed between the preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) and stress (r = –0.305, P = 0.004), anxiety (r = –0.401, P \u003C 0.001), and total DASS-21 scores (r = –0.324, P = 0.002). Lastly, a weak positive correlation was found between ablation time and the SD of eye movement (r = 0.473, P \u003C 0.001).  \nConclusion: The DASS-21 questionnaire showed no link between negative emotions and eye movement. Additionally, longer ablation times correlated with greater SD of eye movement.  \nKeywords: Anxiety; DASS-21; Depression; Photorefractive Keratectomy; Stress  \nJ Ophthalmic Vis Res 2025; 20: 1–8(e52)  \nCorrespondence to:  \nMehdi Khodaparast, MD. Ocular Trauma and Emergency Department, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, Qazvin St., Tehran 13366, Iran.  \n[E-mail: mehdikhodaparastzavare@gmail.com](E-mail: mehdikhodaparastzavare@gmail.com)  \nReceived: 29-09-2024 Accepted: 17-05-2025  \n\n| Access this article online |\n| --- |\n| Website: [https://kneopen.com/journal/JOVR/](https://kneopen.com/journal/JOVR/) |\n| DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v20.17300 |\n\nThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n\n|  |\n| --- |\n| How to cite this article: Hashemian H, Ahmadzadeh H, Razavi A, Asadignadomani H, Montazeriani Z, Olamazadeh S, Khodaparast M. Association Between Preoperative Negative Emotional States and Eye Movement During Photorefractive Keratectomy. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2025;20:1–8(e52)/10.18502/jovr.v20.17300 |\n\n© 2025 Hashemian et al. THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE DISTRIBUTED UNDER THE CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION LICENSE (CC BY 4 .0) | PUBLISHED BY KNOWLEDGE E 1  \nINTRODUCTION  \nUncorrected refractive errors are the most important cause of visual impairment worldwide.[1] As an alternative to glasses or contact lenses for optical correction of refractive errors, laser corneal refractive surgery has grown in popularity.[2] Despite years of continuous advancements in refractive surgery techniques, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) remains a highly common refractive procedure worldwide.[3, 4] The disadvantages of PRK consist of a slower healing rate, risk of haziness, and longer healing process. At the same time,","cbCaikvYNq1tps0x","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikvYNq1tps0x","pdf",108223,"English","# Abstract\n## Purpose\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n# Methods","[{\"question\":\"What does the study aim to determine about PRK patients?\",\"answer\":\"The study investigates whether preoperative negative emotions—depression, anxiety, and stress—are associated with eye movement during photorefractive keratectomy.\"},{\"question\":\"How was eye movement measured during the PRK procedure?\",\"answer\":\"Eye movement was measured as the radial distance between the pupil and the laser center during each shot; mean distance reflected centralization accuracy and standard deviation reflected precision.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main findings regarding the relationship between DASS-21 scores and eye movement?\",\"answer\":\"Mean and standard deviation of eye movements were not significantly correlated with depression, anxiety, stress, or the total DASS-21 score. Longer ablation time showed a weak positive correlation with the standard deviation of eye movement.\"}]","Association Between Preoperative Negative Emotional States and Eye Movement During Photorefractive Keratectomy | PDF",1790759964]